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<title>Basel</title>

Basel

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Basle" and "Basilea" redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="Basle_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Basle (disambiguation)">Basle (disambiguation)</a>, <a href="Basilea_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Basilea (disambiguation)">Basilea (disambiguation)</a>, and <a href="Basel_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Basel (disambiguation)">Basel (disambiguation)</a>.</div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="Basil" title="Basil">Basil</a>.</div>

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</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Basel</div>

<div class="nickname ib-settlement-other-name">Basle</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="Municipalities_of_Switzerland" title="Municipalities of Switzerland">Municipality</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">

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</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:262px;max-width:262px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:129px;max-width:129px"><div style="height:191px;overflow:hidden"></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> with <a href="Middle_Bridge%2C_Basel" title="Middle Bridge, Basel">Middle Bridge</a> in background</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:129px;max-width:129px"><div style="height:191px;overflow:hidden"></div><div class="text-align-center">Old building of the <a href="University_of_Basel" title="University of Basel">University of Basel</a> (below)</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:126px;max-width:126px"><div style="height:182px;overflow:hidden"></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="Basel_Minster" title="Basel Minster">Basel Minster</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:132px;max-width:132px"><div style="height:182px;overflow:hidden"></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="Roche_Tower" title="Roche Tower">Roche Tower</a> and <a href="Roche_Tower_2" title="Roche Tower 2">Roche Tower 2</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:260px;max-width:260px"><div style="height:105px;overflow:hidden"></div><div class="text-align-center">Panorama with Rhine, <a href="Basler_Messeturm" title="Basler Messeturm">Messeturm</a>, Roche Tower, and Wettsteinbrücke</div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">

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</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center; height:5px;">Location of Basel</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="">

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</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><div class="od notheme" style="top:16.06%;left:36.542%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Basel</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div>Show map of Switzerland</div></div></div><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><div class="od notheme" style="top:59.113%;left:44.093%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Basel</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div>Show map of Canton of Basel-Stadt</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">

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</style><a class="external text" href="geo:47.55472222222222,7.5905555555555555">47°33′17″N 07°35′26″E / 47.55472°N 7.59056°E / 47.55472; 7.59056</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Country</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Switzerland</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Cantons_of_Switzerland" title="Cantons of Switzerland">Canton</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Canton_of_Basel-Stadt" class="mw-redirect" title="Canton of Basel-Stadt">Basel-Stadt</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">Executive</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="#Government">Regierungsrat</a> with 7 members</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="Parliament" title="Parliament">Parliament</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="#Parliament">Grosser Rat</a> with 100 members</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-wikidata-34465df301612b4c187d3751abe3e95527f60501-v20-1">[1]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">23.85 km2 (9.21 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (Barfüsserkirche)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">261 m (856 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highest elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (Wasserturm Bruderholz)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">366 m (1,201 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Lowest elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (<a href="Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> shore, national border at Kleinhüningen)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">244.75 m (802.99 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (31 December 2018)<a href="#cite_note-wikidata-56825652f9c7e68a1dcd53b4bf347067ddf3841e-v20-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-wikidata-08bd17aa84cda5e3983f082e36c9004a86cf08fc-v20-3">[3]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">177,595</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">7,400/km2 (19,000/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonyms</a></th><td class="infobox-data">German: Basler(in), French: Bâlois(e), <a href="Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: Basilese, <a href="Romansh_language" title="Romansh language">Romansh</a>: Basilean(a)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Time_in_Switzerland" title="Time in Switzerland">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="UTC%2B01%3A00" title="UTC+01:00">UTC+01:00</a> (<a href="Central_European_Time" title="Central European Time">Central European Time</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Summer (<a href="Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="UTC%2B02%3A00" title="UTC+02:00">UTC+02:00</a> (<a href="Central_European_Summer_Time" title="Central European Summer Time">Central European Summer Time</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Postal_codes_in_Switzerland_and_Liechtenstein" title="Postal codes in Switzerland and Liechtenstein">Postal code(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">4000</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Community_Identification_Number#Switzerland" title="Community Identification Number">SFOS number</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2701</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data nickname">CH-BS</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Surrounded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Allschwil" title="Allschwil">Allschwil</a> (BL), <a href="H%C3%A9genheim" title="Hégenheim">Hégenheim</a> (FR-68), <a href="Binningen%2C_Switzerland" title="Binningen, Switzerland">Binningen</a> (BL), <a href="Birsfelden" title="Birsfelden">Birsfelden</a> (BL), <a href="Bottmingen" title="Bottmingen">Bottmingen</a> (BL), <a href="Huningue" title="Huningue">Huningue</a> (FR-68), <a href="M%C3%BCnchenstein" title="Münchenstein">Münchenstein</a> (BL), <a href="Muttenz" title="Muttenz">Muttenz</a> (BL), <a href="Reinach%2C_Basel-Country" class="mw-redirect" title="Reinach, Basel-Country">Reinach</a> (BL), <a href="Riehen" title="Riehen">Riehen</a> (BS), <a href="Saint-Louis%2C_Haut-Rhin" title="Saint-Louis, Haut-Rhin">Saint-Louis</a> (FR-68), <a href="Weil_am_Rhein" title="Weil am Rhein">Weil am Rhein</a> (DE-BW)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bs.ch">www.bs.ch</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.media-stat.admin.ch/maps/profile/profile.html?226.2701.en.geoRefStandard">SFSO statistics</a></td></tr></tbody></table>

Basel (/ˈbɑːzəl/ BAH-zəl; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">

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</style>Swiss Standard German: [ˈbaːzl̩] <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/a\/a9\/De-Basel.ogg\/De-Basel.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"De-Basel.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a9/De-Basel.ogg/De-Basel.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a>ⓘ), also known as Basle (/bɑːl/ BAHL),<a href="#cite_note-4">[note 1]</a> is a city in northwestern <a href="Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> on the river <a href="Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> (at the transition from the <a href="High_Rhine" title="High Rhine">High</a> to the <a href="Upper_Rhine" title="Upper Rhine">Upper Rhine</a>).<a href="#cite_note-5">[4]</a> Basel is Switzerland's <a href="List_of_cities_in_Switzerland" title="List of cities in Switzerland">third-most-populous</a> city (after <a href="Zurich" title="Zurich">Zurich</a> and <a href="Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a>), with 177,595 inhabitants within the city municipality limits.<a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a>

Basel is commonly considered to be the cultural capital of Switzerland<a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a> and the city is famous for its many <a href="Museums_in_Basel" title="Museums in Basel">museums</a>, including the <a href="Kunstmuseum_Basel" title="Kunstmuseum Basel">Kunstmuseum</a>, which is the first collection of art accessible to the public in the world (1661) and the largest museum of <a href="Swiss_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss art">art in Switzerland</a>, the <a href="Fondation_Beyeler" class="mw-redirect" title="Fondation Beyeler">Fondation Beyeler</a> (located in <a href="Riehen" title="Riehen">Riehen</a>), the <a href="Museum_Tinguely" title="Museum Tinguely">Museum Tinguely</a> and the <a href="Museum_of_Contemporary_Art_(Basel)" title="Museum of Contemporary Art (Basel)">Museum of Contemporary Art</a>, which is the first public museum of contemporary art in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a> Forty museums are spread throughout the city-canton, making Basel one of the largest cultural centres in relation to its size and population in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a> It is the hometown of <a href="Art_Basel" title="Art Basel">Art Basel</a>, the world's most prestigious and influential international art fair, showcasing modern and contemporary works from leading galleries and attracting top collectors, artists, and enthusiasts globally.

The <a href="University_of_Basel" title="University of Basel">University of Basel</a>, Switzerland's oldest university (founded in 1460),<a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a> and the city's centuries-long commitment to <a href="Humanism" title="Humanism">humanism</a>, have made Basel a safe haven at times of political unrest in other parts of Europe for such notable people as <a href="Erasmus_of_Rotterdam" class="mw-redirect" title="Erasmus of Rotterdam">Erasmus of Rotterdam</a>,<a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a> the <a href="Hans_Holbein_the_Younger" title="Hans Holbein the Younger">Holbein</a> family, <a href="Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a>,<a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a> <a href="Carl_Jung" title="Carl Jung">Carl Jung</a>, and in the 20th century also <a href="Hermann_Hesse" title="Hermann Hesse">Hermann Hesse</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a> and <a href="Karl_Jaspers" title="Karl Jaspers">Karl Jaspers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a>

Basel was the seat of a <a href="Prince-Bishopric_of_Basel" title="Prince-Bishopric of Basel">Prince-Bishopric</a> starting in the 11th century, and joined the <a href="Old_Swiss_Confederacy" title="Old Swiss Confederacy">Swiss Confederacy</a> in 1501.<a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a> The city has been a commercial hub and an important cultural centre since the <a href="Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>,<a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> and has emerged as a centre for the <a href="Chemical_industry" title="Chemical industry">chemical</a> and <a href="Pharmaceutical_industry" title="Pharmaceutical industry">pharmaceutical industries</a> in the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a> In 1897, Basel was chosen by <a href="Theodor_Herzl" title="Theodor Herzl">Theodor Herzl</a> as the location for the first <a href="World_Zionist_Congress" title="World Zionist Congress">World Zionist Congress</a>, and altogether the congress was held there ten times over a time span of 50 years, more than in any other location.<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a> The city is also home to the world headquarters of the <a href="Bank_for_International_Settlements" title="Bank for International Settlements">Bank for International Settlements</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a> The name of the city is internationally known through institutions like the <a href="Basel_Accords" title="Basel Accords">Basel Accords</a>,<a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a> <a href="Art_Basel" title="Art Basel">Art Basel</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a> and <a href="FC_Basel" title="FC Basel">FC Basel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a>

Basel is Switzerland's main centre for the pharmaceutical industry, hosting both <a href="Novartis" title="Novartis">Novartis</a> and <a href="Roche" title="Roche">Roche</a>.<a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a> In 1938, the world-renowned chemist <a href="Albert_Hofmann" title="Albert Hofmann">Albert Hofmann</a> discovered <a href="LSD" title="LSD">LSD</a> in Basel, where he spent most of his life. Other influential and renowned figures such as <a href="Roger_Federer" title="Roger Federer">Roger Federer</a>, <a href="Paracelsus" title="Paracelsus">Paracelsus</a>, <a href="Matth%C3%A4us_Merian_the_Elder" title="Matthäus Merian the Elder">Matthäus Merian</a>, <a href="Michel_von_Tell" title="Michel von Tell">Michel von Tell</a> and <a href="Stephan_Remmler" title="Stephan Remmler">Stephan Remmler</a> are closely associated with the city or were born there. In 1734, the so-called '<a href="Basel_problem" title="Basel problem">Basel Problem</a>' was solved in the city, which is regarded as one of the most important achievements in mathematics.

The official language of Basel is <a href="German_language" title="German language">German</a>,<a href="#cite_note-25">[note 2]</a> but the main spoken language is <a href="Basel_German" title="Basel German">Basel German</a>, the local variant of the <a href="Alemannic_German" title="Alemannic German">Alemannic</a> <a href="Swiss_German" title="Swiss German">Swiss German</a> dialect.<a href="#cite_note-26">[24]</a>

Basel was ranked the tenth most liveable city in the world by <a href="Mercer_(consulting_firm)" title="Mercer (consulting firm)">Mercer</a> in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-27">[25]</a>

The name of Basel is first recorded as Basilia in the 3rd century (237/8), at the time referring to the <a href="Basel_oppidum" class="mw-redirect" title="Basel oppidum">Roman castle</a>. This name is mostly interpreted as deriving from the personal name Basilius, from a toponym villa Basilia ("<a href="Roman_villa" title="Roman villa">estate</a> of Basilius") or similar.<a href="#cite_note-28">[26]</a>

Another suggestion derives it from a name Basilia attested in northern France as a development of basilica, the term for a public or church building (as in <a href="Bazeilles" title="Bazeilles">Bazeilles</a>), but all of these names reference early church buildings of the 4th or 5th century and cannot be adduced for the 3rd-century attestation of Basilia.<a href="#cite_note-29">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kristol-30">[28]</a>

By popular etymology, or simple assonance, the <a href="Basilisk" title="Basilisk">basilisk</a> becomes closely associated with the city, used as <a href="Heraldic_supporter" class="mw-redirect" title="Heraldic supporter">heraldic supporter</a> from 1448, represented on coins minted by the city, and frequently found in ornaments.

The <a href="Middle_French" title="Middle French">Middle French</a> form Basle was adopted into English, but this form has fallen gradually out of use although it continues to be used with the modern French pronunciation in some sections of <a href="British_English" title="British English">British English</a>,<a href="#cite_note-31">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[30]</a> at least informally. Currently, the spelling Basel is most often used, to match the official German spelling.<a href="#cite_note-33">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[33]</a> In French Basle was still in use in the 18th century, but was gradually replaced by the modern French spelling Bâle. In Icelandic, the city is recorded as Buslaraborg in the 12th-century itinerary <a href="Lei%C3%B0arv%C3%ADsir_og_borgarskipan" title="Leiðarvísir og borgarskipan">Leiðarvísir og borgarskipan</a>.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="Timeline_of_Basel" title="Timeline of Basel">Timeline of Basel</a>.</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3></div>

There are traces of a settlement at the nearby <a href="Rhine_knee" title="Rhine knee">Rhine knee</a> from the early <a href="La_T%C3%A8ne_period" class="mw-redirect" title="La Tène period">La Tène period</a> (5th century BC). In the 2nd century BC, there was a village of the <a href="Raurici" class="mw-redirect" title="Raurici">Raurici</a> at the site of Basel-Gasfabrik (to the northwest of the Old City, and likely identical with the town of Arialbinnum that was mentioned on the <a href="Tabula_Peutingeriana" title="Tabula Peutingeriana">Tabula Peutingeriana</a>).<a href="#cite_note-36">[34]</a> The unfortified settlement was abandoned in the 1st century BC in favour of an <a href="Basel_oppidum" class="mw-redirect" title="Basel oppidum">oppidum</a> on the site of <a href="Basel_Minster" title="Basel Minster">Basel Minster</a>, probably in reaction to the <a href="Gallic_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallic War">Roman invasion of Gaul</a>.

In <a href="Roman_Gaul" title="Roman Gaul">Roman Gaul</a>, <a href="Augusta_Raurica" title="Augusta Raurica">Augusta Raurica</a> was established some 20 km (12 mi) from Basel as the regional administrative centre, while a <a href="Castra" title="Castra">castrum</a> (fortified camp) was built on the site of the <a href="Celtic_nations" title="Celtic nations">Celtic</a> <a href="Oppidum" title="Oppidum">oppidum</a>. In AD 83, the area was incorporated into the <a href="Roman_province" title="Roman province">Roman province</a> of <a href="Germania_Superior" title="Germania Superior">Germania Superior</a>. The <a href="Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Roman Senator</a> <a href="Lucius_Munatius_Plancus" title="Lucius Munatius Plancus">Munatius Plancus</a> is known as the traditional founder of Basel since the Renaissance.<a href="#cite_note-Werthmüller-2013-37">[35]</a> Roman control over the area deteriorated in the 3rd century, and Basel became an outpost of the <a href="Provincia_Maxima_Sequanorum" class="mw-redirect" title="Provincia Maxima Sequanorum">Provincia Maxima Sequanorum</a> formed by <a href="Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a>. <a href="Basel_oppidum" class="mw-redirect" title="Basel oppidum">Basilia</a> is first named by the <a href="Ammianus_Marcellinus" title="Ammianus Marcellinus">Ammianus Marcellinus</a> in his Res Gestae<a href="#cite_note-Werthmüller-2013-37">[35]</a> as part of the Roman military fortifications along the Rhine in the late 4th century.

The Germanic confederation of the <a href="Alemanni" title="Alemanni">Alemanni</a> attempted to cross the Rhine several times in the 4th century, but were repelled; one such event was the <a href="Battle_of_Solicinium" title="Battle of Solicinium">Battle of Solicinium</a> (368). However, in the great invasion of AD 406, the Alemanni appear to have crossed the Rhine a final time, conquering and then settling what is today <a href="Alsace" title="Alsace">Alsace</a> and a large part of the <a href="Swiss_Plateau" title="Swiss Plateau">Swiss Plateau</a>.

The <a href="Duchy_of_Alemannia" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Alemannia">Duchy of Alemannia</a> fell under <a href="Francia" title="Francia">Frankish</a> rule in the 6th century. The Alemannic and <a href="Franks" title="Franks">Frankish</a> settlement of Basel gradually grew around the old Roman castle in the 6th and 7th century. It appears that Basel surpassed the ancient regional capital of <a href="Augusta_Raurica" title="Augusta Raurica">Augusta Raurica</a> by the 7th century; based on the evidence of a gold <a href="Tremissis" title="Tremissis">tremissis</a> (a small gold coin with the value of a third of a <a href="Solidus_(coin)" title="Solidus (coin)">solidus</a>) with the inscription Basilia fit, Basel seems to have minted its own coins in the 7th century.<a href="#cite_note-38">[36]</a>

Basel at this time was part of the <a href="Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Besan%C3%A7on" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Besançon">Archdiocese of Besançon</a>. A separate <a href="Bishopric_of_Basel" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishopric of Basel">bishopric of Basel</a>, replacing the ancient bishopric of <a href="Augusta_Raurica" title="Augusta Raurica">Augusta Raurica</a>, was established in the 8th century. Under bishop <a href="Haito" title="Haito">Haito</a> (r. 806–823), the first cathedral was built on the site of the Roman castle<a href="#cite_note-39">[37]</a> (replaced by a Romanesque structure consecrated in 1019).

At the partition of the <a href="Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian Empire</a> through the <a href="Treaty_of_Verdun" title="Treaty of Verdun">Treaty of Verdun</a> in 843, Basel was first given to <a href="West_Francia" title="West Francia">West Francia</a> and became its German exclave.<a href="#cite_note-Werthmüller-2013-37">[35]</a> It passed to <a href="East_Francia" title="East Francia">East Francia</a> with the <a href="Treaty_of_Meerssen" title="Treaty of Meerssen">Treaty of Meerssen</a> of 870. Basel was destroyed by the <a href="Magyar_invasion" class="mw-redirect" title="Magyar invasion">Magyars</a> in 917.<a href="#cite_note-Werthmüller-2013-37">[35]</a> The rebuilt town became part of <a href="Upper_Burgundy" title="Upper Burgundy">Upper Burgundy</a>, and as such was incorporated into the <a href="Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> in 1032.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prince-Bishopric_of_Basel">Prince-Bishopric of Basel</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Prince-Bishopric_of_Basel" title="Prince-Bishopric of Basel">Prince-Bishopric of Basel</a></div>

From the donation by <a href="Rudolph_III_of_Burgundy" title="Rudolph III of Burgundy">Rudolph III of Burgundy</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood2006285–286,_313-40">[38]</a> of the <a href="Moutier-Grandval_Abbey" title="Moutier-Grandval Abbey">Moutier-Grandval Abbey</a> and all its possessions to Bishop <a href="Adalbero_II_of_Metz" title="Adalbero II of Metz">Adalbero II of Metz</a> in 999 until the <a href="Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Reformation</a>, Basel was ruled by <a href="Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Basel" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Basel">Prince-Bishops</a>.<a href="#cite_note-41">[39]</a>

In 1019, the construction of the <a href="Basel_Minster" title="Basel Minster">cathedral of Basel</a> (known locally as the Münster) began under <a href="Henry_II%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-42">[40]</a>

In the 11th to 12th century, Basel gradually acquired the characteristics of a medieval <a href="City" title="City">city</a>.

The main market place is first mentioned in 1091. The first city walls were constructed around 1100 (with improvements made in the mid-13th and in the late 14th century). A city council of nobles and burghers is recorded for 1185, and the first <a href="Mayor" title="Mayor">mayor</a>, Heinrich Steinlin of Murbach, for 1253. The first bridge across the Rhine was built in 1225 under bishop Heinrich von Thun (at the location of the modern <a href="Middle_Bridge%2C_Basel" title="Middle Bridge, Basel">Middle Bridge</a>), and from this time the settlement of Kleinbasel gradually formed around the bridgehead on the far river bank. The bridge was largely funded by Basel's Jewish community who had settled there a century earlier.<a href="#cite_note-habicht-43">[41]</a> For many centuries to come Basel possessed the only permanent bridge over the river "between <a href="Lake_Constance" title="Lake Constance">Lake Constance</a> and the sea". The first city <a href="Guild" title="Guild">guild</a> were the <a href="Furriers" class="mw-redirect" title="Furriers">furriers</a>, established in 1226. A total of about fifteen guilds were established in the course of the 13th century, reflecting the increasing economic prosperity of the city.<a href="#cite_note-habicht-43">[41]</a> The <a href="Crusade_of_1267" title="Crusade of 1267">Crusade of 1267</a> set out from Basel.

Political conflicts between the bishops and the burghers began in the mid-13th century and continued throughout the 14th century. By the late 14th century, the city was for all practical purposes independent although it continued to nominally pledge fealty to the bishops. The <a href="House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">House of Habsburg</a> attempted to gain control over the city. This was not successful, but it caused a political split among the burghers of Basel into a pro-Habsburg faction, known as Sterner, and an anti-Habsburg faction, the Psitticher.

The <a href="Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a> reached Basel in 1348. The <a href="Persecution_of_Jews_during_the_Black_Death" title="Persecution of Jews during the Black Death">Jews were blamed</a>, and an estimated 50 to 70 Jews were executed by burning on 16 January 1349 in what has become known as the <a href="Basel_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Basel massacre">Basel massacre</a>.<a href="#cite_note-habicht-43">[41]</a> The <a href="1356_Basel_earthquake" title="1356 Basel earthquake">Basel earthquake of 1356</a> destroyed much of the city along with a <a href="R%C3%B6tteln_Castle" title="Rötteln Castle">number of castles</a> in the vicinity.

A riot on 26 February 1376, known as Böse Fasnacht, led to the killing of a number of men of <a href="Leopold_III%2C_Duke_of_Austria" title="Leopold III, Duke of Austria">Leopold III, Duke of Austria</a>. This was seen as a serious <a href="Breach_of_the_peace" title="Breach of the peace">breach of the peace</a>, and the city council blamed "foreign ruffians" for this and executed twelve alleged perpetrators. Leopold nevertheless had the city placed under <a href="Imperial_ban" title="Imperial ban">imperial ban</a>, and in a treaty of 9 July, Basel was given a heavy fine and was placed under Habsburg control. To free itself from Habsburg hegemony, Basel joined the <a href="Swabian_League_of_Cities" title="Swabian League of Cities">Swabian League of Cities</a> in 1385, and many knights of the pro-Habsburg faction, along with duke Leopold himself, were killed in the <a href="Battle_of_Sempach" title="Battle of Sempach">Battle of Sempach</a> the following year. A formal treaty with Habsburg was made in 1393.

Basel had gained its de facto independence from both the bishop and from the Habsburgs and was free to pursue its own policy of territorial expansion, beginning around 1400.

The unique representation of a bishops' <a href="Crozier" title="Crozier">crozier</a> as the heraldic charge in the <a href="Coat_of_arms_of_Basel" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat of arms of Basel">coat of arms of Basel</a> first appears in the form of a gilded wooden staff in the 12th century. It is of unknown origin or significance (beyond its obvious status of bishop's crozier), but it is assumed to have represented a relic, possibly attributed to <a href="Germanus_of_Granfelden" title="Germanus of Granfelden">Saint Germanus of Granfelden</a>.<a href="#cite_note-44">[42]</a> This staff (known as Baselstab) became a symbol representing the Basel diocese, depicted in bishops' seals of the late medieval period. It is represented in a heraldic context in the early 14th century, not yet as a heraldic charge but as a kind of heraldic achievement flanked by the heraldic shields of the bishop. The staff is also represented in the bishops's seals of the period. The use of the Baselstab in black as the coat of arms of the city was introduced in 1385. From this time, the Baselstab in red represented the bishop, and the same charge in black represented the city. The <a href="Blazon" title="Blazon">blazon</a> of the municipal coat of arms is In Silber ein schwarzer Baselstab (Argent, a staff of Basel sable).<a href="#cite_note-45">[43]</a> In 1400, Basel was able to purchase the towns of <a href="Liestal" title="Liestal">Liestal</a>, <a href="Homburg%2C_Switzerland" title="Homburg, Switzerland">Homburg</a> and <a href="Waldenburg%2C_Switzerland" title="Waldenburg, Switzerland">Waldenburg</a> with its surrounding territory.<a href="#cite_note-Landolt-1998-46">[44]</a>

In 1412 (or earlier), the well-known <a href="Gasthof_zum_Goldenen_Sternen" title="Gasthof zum Goldenen Sternen">Gasthof zum Goldenen Sternen</a> was established. Basel became the focal point of western Christendom during the 15th century <a href="Council_of_Basel" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Basel">Council of Basel</a> (1431–1449), including the 1439 election of <a href="Antipope_Felix_V" class="mw-redirect" title="Antipope Felix V">antipope Felix V</a>. In 1459, <a href="Pope_Pius_II" title="Pope Pius II">Pope Pius II</a> endowed the <a href="University_of_Basel" title="University of Basel">University of Basel</a>, where such notables as <a href="Erasmus_of_Rotterdam" class="mw-redirect" title="Erasmus of Rotterdam">Erasmus of Rotterdam</a> and <a href="Paracelsus" title="Paracelsus">Paracelsus</a> later taught. At the same time the new craft of <a href="Printing_press" title="Printing press">printing</a> was <a href="Global_spread_of_the_printing_press#Switzerland" title="Global spread of the printing press">introduced to Basel</a> by apprentices of <a href="Johann_Gutenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Johann Gutenberg">Johann Gutenberg</a>. In 1461, the land around <a href="Farnsburg_Castle" title="Farnsburg Castle">Farnsburg</a> became a part of Basel.<a href="#cite_note-Landolt-1998-46">[44]</a>

The <a href="Schwabe_publishing_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Schwabe publishing house">Schwabe publishing house</a> was founded in 1488 by <a href="Johannes_Petri_(printer)" title="Johannes Petri (printer)">Johannes Petri</a> and is the oldest publishing house still in business. <a href="Johann_Froben" title="Johann Froben">Johann Froben</a> also operated his printing house in Basel and was notable for publishing works by Erasmus.<a href="#cite_note-47">[45]</a> In 1495, Basel was incorporated into the <a href="Upper_Rhenish_Circle" title="Upper Rhenish Circle">Upper Rhenish Imperial Circle</a>; the Bishop of Basel was added to the Bench of the Ecclesiastical Princes of the <a href="Imperial_Diet_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Imperial Diet (Holy Roman Empire)">Imperial Diet</a>. In 1500 the construction of the <a href="Basel_M%C3%BCnster" class="mw-redirect" title="Basel Münster">Basel Münster</a> was finished.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_a_member_state_in_the_Swiss_Confederacy">As a member state in the Swiss Confederacy</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Canton_of_Basel" title="Canton of Basel">Canton of Basel</a></div>

The city had remained neutral through the <a href="Swabian_War" title="Swabian War">Swabian War</a> of 1499 despite being plundered by soldiers on both sides. The <a href="Treaty_of_Basel_(1499)" title="Treaty of Basel (1499)">Treaty of Basel</a> ended the war and granted the Swiss confederates exemptions from the emperor Maximillian's taxes and jurisdictions, separating Switzerland de facto from the Holy Roman Empire.<a href="#cite_note-Rappard-48">[46]</a>

On 9 June 1501, Basel joined the Swiss Confederation as its <a href="Canton_of_Basel" title="Canton of Basel">eleventh canton</a>.<a href="#cite_note-49">[47]</a> It was the only canton that was asked to join, not the other way round. Basel had a strategic location, good relations with <a href="Strasbourg" title="Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a> and <a href="Mulhouse" title="Mulhouse">Mulhouse</a>, and control of the corn imports from Alsace, whereas the Swiss lands were becoming overpopulated and had few resources. A provision of the Charter accepting Basel required that in conflicts among the other cantons it was to stay neutral and offer its services for mediation.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-50">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bonjour-51">[49]</a>

In 1503, the new bishop <a href="Christoph_von_Utenheim" title="Christoph von Utenheim">Christoph von Utenheim</a> refused to give Basel a new constitution; whereupon, to show its power, the city began to build a new city hall.<a href="#cite_note-habicht-43">[41]</a>

In 1529, the city became Protestant under <a href="Johannes_Oecolampadius" title="Johannes Oecolampadius">Oecolampadius</a> and the bishop's seat was moved to <a href="Porrentruy" title="Porrentruy">Porrentruy</a>. The bishop's crook was however retained as the city's coat of arms. For centuries to come, a handful of wealthy families collectively referred to as the <a href="Daig_(Switzerland)" title="Daig (Switzerland)">"Daig"</a> played a pivotal role in city affairs as they gradually established themselves as a de facto <a href="Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">city aristocracy</a>.

The first edition of Christianae religionis institutio (<a href="Institutes_of_the_Christian_Religion" title="Institutes of the Christian Religion">Institutes of the Christian Religion</a> – <a href="John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a>'s great exposition of <a href="Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinist</a> doctrine) was published at Basel in March 1536.<a href="#cite_note-52">[50]</a>

In 1544, Johann von Brugge, a rich Dutch Protestant refugee, was given citizenship and lived respectably until his death in 1556, then buried with honors. His body was exhumed and burnt at the stake in 1559 after it was discovered that he was the Anabaptist <a href="David_Joris" title="David Joris">David Joris</a>.<a href="#cite_note-habicht-43">[41]</a>

In 1543, <a href="De_humani_corporis_fabrica" class="mw-redirect" title="De humani corporis fabrica">De humani corporis fabrica</a>, the first book on human anatomy, was published and printed in Basel by <a href="Andreas_Vesalius" title="Andreas Vesalius">Andreas Vesalius</a> (1514–1564).<a href="#cite_note-53">[51]</a>

There are indications <a href="Joachim_Meyer" title="Joachim Meyer">Joachim Meyer</a>, author of the influential 16th-century <a href="Martial_arts" title="Martial arts">martial arts</a> text Kunst des Fechten ("The Art of Fencing"), came from Basel. In 1661 the <a href="Amerbach_Cabinet" title="Amerbach Cabinet">Amerbaschsches Kabinett</a>, a vast collection of exotic artifacts, coins, medals and books was purchased by Basel.<a href="#cite_note-54">[52]</a> It was to become to the first public museum of art.<a href="#cite_note-55">[53]</a> Its collection became the core of the later <a href="Kunstmuseum_Basel" title="Kunstmuseum Basel">Basel Museum of Art</a>.

The Bernoulli family, which included important 17th- and 18th-century mathematicians such as <a href="Jakob_Bernoulli" class="mw-redirect" title="Jakob Bernoulli">Jakob Bernoulli</a>, <a href="Johann_Bernoulli" title="Johann Bernoulli">Johann Bernoulli</a> and <a href="Daniel_Bernoulli" title="Daniel Bernoulli">Daniel Bernoulli</a>, were from Basel. The 18th-century mathematician <a href="Leonhard_Euler" title="Leonhard Euler">Leonhard Euler</a> was born in Basel and studied under Johann Bernoulli.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_history">Modern history</h3></div>

In 1792, the <a href="Rauracian_Republic" title="Rauracian Republic">Republic of Rauracia</a>, a revolutionary <a href="French_client_republic" class="mw-redirect" title="French client republic">French client republic</a>, was created. It lasted until 1793.<a href="#cite_note-56">[54]</a> After three years of political agitation and a short civil war in 1833 the disadvantaged countryside seceded from the Canton of Basel, forming the half canton of <a href="Basel-Landschaft" title="Basel-Landschaft">Basel-Landschaft</a>.<a href="#cite_note-57">[55]</a> Between 1861 and 1878 the city walls were <a href="Slighting" title="Slighting">slighted</a>.<a href="#cite_note-58">[56]</a>

On 3 July 1874, Switzerland's first zoo, the <a href="Zoo_Basel" title="Zoo Basel">Zoo Basel</a>, opened its doors in the south of the city towards <a href="Binningen%2C_Switzerland" title="Binningen, Switzerland">Binningen</a>.

In 1897 the first <a href="World_Zionist_Congress" title="World Zionist Congress">World Zionist Congress</a> was held in Basel. Altogether the World Zionist Congress was held in Basel ten times, more than in any other city in the world.<a href="#cite_note-59">[57]</a>

On 16 November 1938, the psychedelic drug <a href="LSD" title="LSD">LSD</a> was first synthesized by Swiss chemist <a href="Albert_Hofmann" title="Albert Hofmann">Albert Hofmann</a> at <a href="Sandoz" title="Sandoz">Sandoz</a> Laboratories in Basel.

In 1967, the population of <a href="1967_Basel_Picasso_paintings_purchase_referendum" title="1967 Basel Picasso paintings purchase referendum">Basel voted in favor of buying three works of art by painter Pablo Picasso</a> which were at risk of being sold and taken out of the local museum of art, due to a financial crisis on the part of the owner's family. Therefore, Basel became the first city in the world where the population of a political community democratically decided to acquire works of art for a public institution. <a href="Pablo_Picasso" title="Pablo Picasso">Pablo Picasso</a> was so moved by the gesture that he subsequently gifted the city with an additional three paintings.<a href="#cite_note-60">[58]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Basel_as_a_historical,_international_meeting_place">Basel as a historical, international meeting place</h3></div>

Basel has often been the site of peace negotiations and other international meetings. The <a href="Treaty_of_Basel_(1499)" title="Treaty of Basel (1499)">Treaty of Basel (1499)</a> ended the <a href="Swabian_War" title="Swabian War">Swabian War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-61">[59]</a> Two years later Basel joined the <a href="Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Swiss Confederation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-62">[60]</a> The <a href="Peace_of_Basel" title="Peace of Basel">Peace of Basel</a> in 1795 between the <a href="French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">French Republic</a> and Prussia and Spain ended the <a href="First_Coalition" class="mw-redirect" title="First Coalition">First Coalition</a> against France during the <a href="French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="French Revolutionary Wars">French Revolutionary Wars</a>.<a href="#cite_note-63">[61]</a> In more recent times, the <a href="World_Zionist_Organization" title="World Zionist Organization">World Zionist Organization</a> held its first congress in Basel from 29 August through 31 August 1897. Because of the <a href="Balkan_Wars" title="Balkan Wars">Balkan Wars</a>, the (Socialist) <a href="Second_International" title="Second International">Second International</a> held an extraordinary congress at Basel in 1912.<a href="#cite_note-64">[62]</a> In 1989, the <a href="Basel_Convention" title="Basel Convention">Basel Convention</a> was opened for signature with the aim of preventing the export of <a href="Hazardous_waste" title="Hazardous waste">hazardous waste</a> from wealthy to <a href="Developing_country" title="Developing country">developing nations</a> for disposal.<a href="#cite_note-65">[63]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography_and_climate">Geography and climate</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Location">Location</h3></div>

Basel is located in <a href="Northwestern_Switzerland" title="Northwestern Switzerland">Northwestern Switzerland</a> and is commonly considered to be the capital of that region.<a href="#cite_note-66">[64]</a> It is close to the point where the Swiss, French and German borders meet, and Basel also has suburbs in France and Germany.<a href="#cite_note-67">[65]</a> As of 2016, the Swiss Basel agglomeration was the third-largest in Switzerland, with a population of 541,000<a href="#cite_note-Agglomeration-68">[66]</a> in 74 municipalities in Switzerland (municipal count as of 2018).<a href="#cite_note-69">[67]</a> The <a href="Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">metropolitan area</a>, called the <a href="Trinational_Eurodistrict_of_Basel" title="Trinational Eurodistrict of Basel">Trinational Eurodistrict of Basel</a> (TEB), consists of 62 suburban communes including municipalities in neighboring countries, and counted 829,000 inhabitants in 2007.<a href="#cite_note-70">[68]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Topography">Topography</h3></div>

Basel has an area, as of 2009, of 23.91 square kilometers (9.23 sq mi). Of this area, 0.95 km2 (0.37 sq mi) or 4.0% is used for agricultural purposes, while 0.88 km2 (0.34 sq mi) or 3.7% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 20.67 km2 (7.98 sq mi) or 86.4% is settled (buildings or roads), 1.45 km2 (0.56 sq mi) or 6.1% is either rivers or lakes.<a href="#cite_note-BFS_land-71">[69]</a>

Of the built up area, industrial buildings made up 10.2% of the total area while housing and buildings made up 40.7% and transportation infrastructure made up 24.0%. Power and water infrastructure as well as other special developed areas made up 2.7% of the area while parks, green belts and sports fields made up 8.9%. Out of the forested land, all of the forested land area is covered with heavy forests. Of the agricultural land, 2.5% is used for growing crops and 1.3% is pastures. All the water in the municipality is flowing water.<a href="#cite_note-BFS_land-71">[69]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3></div>

Basel features a <a href="Temperateness" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperateness">temperate</a> <a href="Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">oceanic climate</a> (<a href="K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen</a>: Cfb, <a href="Trewartha_climate_classification" title="Trewartha climate classification">Trewartha</a>: Dobk)<a href="#cite_note-72">[70]</a>, with cool, <a href="Overcast" title="Overcast">overcast</a> winters and warm, humid summers.

The city averages 118.2 days of rain or snow annually and on average receives 842 mm (33.1 in) of <a href="Precipitation_(meteorology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Precipitation (meteorology)">precipitation</a>. The wettest month is May during which time Basel receives an average of 98 mm (3.9 in) of rain. The month with the most days of precipitation is also May, with an average of 11.7 days. The driest month of the year is February with an average of 45 mm (1.8 in) of precipitation over 8.4 days.<a href="#cite_note-ClimateBB-73">[71]</a>

<div>

<th colspan="14">Climate data for Basle (<a href="Binningen%2C_Switzerland" title="Binningen, Switzerland">Binningen</a>), elevation: 316 m (1,037 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1901–present

</th></tr>

<tr>

<th scope="row">Month

</th>

<th scope="col">Jan

</th>

<th scope="col">Feb

</th>

<th scope="col">Mar

</th>

<th scope="col">Apr

</th>

<th scope="col">May

</th>

<th scope="col">Jun

</th>

<th scope="col">Jul

</th>

<th scope="col">Aug

</th>

<th scope="col">Sep

</th>

<th scope="col">Oct

</th>

<th scope="col">Nov

</th>

<th scope="col">Dec

</th>

<th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year

</th></tr>

<th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F)

</th>

<td style="background: #FF9B37; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.0 (66.2)

</td>

<td style="background: #FF860D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.0 (71.6)

</td>

<td style="background: #FF7000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.2 (77.4)

</td>

<td style="background: #FF4B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.5 (86.9)

</td>

<td style="background: #FF3700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.5 (92.3)

</td>

<td style="background: #FF1500; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.4 (101.1)

</td>

<td style="background: #FF1100; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.0 (102.2)

</td>

<td style="background: #FF1300; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.7 (101.7)

</td>

<td style="background: #FF2C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.0 (95.0)

</td>

<td style="background: #FF5200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.6 (85.3)

</td>

<td style="background: #FF870F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.9 (71.4)

</td>

<td style="background: #FF9021; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.6 (69.1)

</td>

<td style="background: #FF1100; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">39.0 (102.2)

</td></tr>

<th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F)

</th>

<td style="background: #FFFBF8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5 (41)

</td>

<td style="background: #FFE6CE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8 (46)

</td>

<td style="background: #FFCB97; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12 (54)

</td>

<td style="background: #FFAF60; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16 (61)

</td>

<td style="background: #FF9429; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20 (68)

</td>

<td style="background: #FF7800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24 (75)

</td>

<td style="background: #FF6A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26 (79)

</td>

<td style="background: #FF7100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25 (77)

</td>

<td style="background: #FF8D1B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21 (70)

</td>

<td style="background: #FFAF60; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16 (61)

</td>

<td style="background: #FFDFC0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9 (48)

</td>

<td style="background: #FFF4EA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 (43)

</td>

<td style="background: #FFAF60; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">16 (60)

</td></tr>

<th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F)

</th>

<td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.2 (36.0)

</td>

<td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.2 (37.8)

</td>

<td style="background: #FFEDDC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.0 (44.6)

</td>

<td style="background: #FFD4A9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.7 (51.3)

</td>

<td style="background: #FFB973; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.6 (58.3)

</td>

<td style="background: #FFA042; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.2 (64.8)

</td>

<td style="background: #FF9226; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.2 (68.4)

</td>

<td style="background: #FF962D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.7 (67.5)

</td>

<td style="background: #FFB368; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.4 (59.7)

</td>

<td style="background: #FFD1A4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.1 (52.0)

</td>

<td style="background: #FFF4EA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.0 (42.8)

</td>

<td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.9 (37.2)

</td>

<td style="background: #FFD2A6; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">10.9 (51.7)

</td></tr>

<th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F)

</th>

<td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 (32)

</td>

<td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1 (34)

</td>

<td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3 (37)

</td>

<td style="background: #FFF4EA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 (43)

</td>

<td style="background: #FFD9B3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10 (50)

</td>

<td style="background: #FFC489; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13 (55)

</td>

<td style="background: #FFB66E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15 (59)

</td>

<td style="background: #FFB66E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15 (59)

</td>

<td style="background: #FFCB97; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12 (54)

</td>

<td style="background: #FFE6CE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8 (46)

</td>

<td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3 (37)

</td>

<td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1 (34)

</td>

<td style="background: #FFEDDC; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">7 (45)

</td></tr>

<th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F)

</th>

<td style="background: #6464FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−24.2 (−11.6)

</td>

<td style="background: #6666FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−23.8 (−10.8)

</td>

<td style="background: #9696FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−14.8 (5.4)

</td>

<td style="background: #C4C4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6.3 (20.7)

</td>

<td style="background: #D8D8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.7 (27.1)

</td>

<td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.1 (34.0)

</td>

<td style="background: #FFFAF6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.1 (41.2)

</td>

<td style="background: #FAFAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.6 (38.5)

</td>

<td style="background: #DFDFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.3 (29.7)

</td>

<td style="background: #C9C9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5.5 (22.1)

</td>

<td style="background: #ABABFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−11.0 (12.2)

</td>

<td style="background: #7575FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−20.9 (−5.6)

</td>

<td style="background: #6464FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−24.2 (−11.6)

</td></tr>

<th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches)

</th>

<td style="background: #B7FFB7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">47.8 (1.88)

</td>

<td style="background: #B5FFB5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">45.2 (1.78)

</td>

<td style="background: #B5FFB5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">49.5 (1.95)

</td>

<td style="background: #9DFF9D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">63.5 (2.50)

</td>

<td style="background: #6DFF6D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">97.6 (3.84)

</td>

<td style="background: #79FF79; color:#000000;" class="notheme">86.6 (3.41)

</td>

<td style="background: #7AFF7A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">88.9 (3.50)

</td>

<td style="background: #7BFF7B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">88.3 (3.48)

</td>

<td style="background: #92FF92; color:#000000;" class="notheme">70.2 (2.76)

</td>

<td style="background: #90FF90; color:#000000;" class="notheme">74.4 (2.93)

</td>

<td style="background: #9BFF9B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">64.9 (2.56)

</td>

<td style="background: #9EFF9E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">65.0 (2.56)

</td>

<td style="background: #94FF94; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">841.9 (33.15)

</td></tr>

<th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowfall cm (inches)

</th>

<td style="background: #9393FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.2 (2.8)

</td>

<td style="background: #8989FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.2 (2.8)

</td>

<td style="background: #BDBDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.4 (1.7)

</td>

<td style="background: #F5F5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.6 (0.2)

</td>

<td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0)

</td>

<td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0)

</td>

<td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0)

</td>

<td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0)

</td>

<td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0)

</td>

<td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1 (0.0)

</td>

<td style="background: #E0E0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.0 (0.8)

</td>

<td style="background: #8D8DFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.6 (3.0)

</td>

<td style="background: #DADAFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">29.1 (11.3)

</td></tr>

<th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm)

</th>

<td style="background: #8E8EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.1

</td>

<td style="background: #8D8DFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.4

</td>

<td style="background: #9191FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.9

</td>

<td style="background: #8888FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.3

</td>

<td style="background: #6E6EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.7

</td>

<td style="background: #7777FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.6

</td>

<td style="background: #8282FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.1

</td>

<td style="background: #8181FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.2

</td>

<td style="background: #9292FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.5

</td>

<td style="background: #7E7EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.4

</td>

<td style="background: #7F7FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.0

</td>

<td style="background: #7777FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.0

</td>

<td style="background: #8383FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">118.2

</td></tr>

<th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowy days (≥ 1.0 cm)

</th>

<td style="background: #DCDCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.8

</td>

<td style="background: #E2E2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.1

</td>

<td style="background: #F1F1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.1

</td>

<td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.2

</td>

<td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0

</td>

<td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0

</td>

<td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0

</td>

<td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0

</td>

<td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0

</td>

<td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1

</td>

<td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.7

</td>

<td style="background: #E2E2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.3

</td>

<td style="background: #F5F5FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">9.3

</td></tr>

<th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%)

</th>

<td style="background: #0000C8; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">81

</td>

<td style="background: #0000DB; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">76

</td>

<td style="background: #0000F6; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">69

</td>

<td style="background: #0000FD; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">67

</td>

<td style="background: #0000EE; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">71

</td>

<td style="background: #0000F2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">70

</td>

<td style="background: #0000F9; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">68

</td>

<td style="background: #0000EE; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">71

</td>

<td style="background: #0000D7; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">77

</td>

<td style="background: #0000C4; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">82

</td>

<td style="background: #0000C0; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">83

</td>

<td style="background: #0000C4; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">82

</td>

<td style="background: #0000DF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">75

</td></tr>

<th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a>

</th>

<td style="background: #757575; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">64.5

</td>

<td style="background: #AAAAA8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">85.2

</td>

<td style="background: #BDBD37; color:#000000;" class="notheme">134.6

</td>

<td style="background: #CECE00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">167.4

</td>

<td style="background: #D4D400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">185.6

</td>

<td style="background: #DCDC00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">211.9

</td>

<td style="background: #DFDF00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">234.9

</td>

<td style="background: #DBDB00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">216.5

</td>

<td style="background: #CBCB00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">160.1

</td>

<td style="background: #B0B083; color:#000000;" class="notheme">107.0

</td>

<td style="background: #7B7B7B; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">65.4

</td>

<td style="background: #636363; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">54.2

</td>

<td style="background: #C0C020; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,687.3

</td></tr>

<th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Percentage <a href="Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">possible sunshine</a>

</th>

<td style="background: #D9D900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28

</td>

<td style="background: #E3E300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34

</td>

<td style="background: #EEEE0A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">40

</td>

<td style="background: #F6F61E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">45

</td>

<td style="background: #F4F41A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">44

</td>

<td style="background: #FBFB2A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">48

</td>

<td style="background: #FFFF43; color:#000000;" class="notheme">54

</td>

<td style="background: #FFFF47; color:#000000;" class="notheme">55

</td>

<td style="background: #FBFB2A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">48

</td>

<td style="background: #E7E700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36

</td>

<td style="background: #D9D900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28

</td>

<td style="background: #D7D700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27

</td>

<td style="background: #EFEF0E; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">41

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: <a href="National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">NOAA</a><a href="#cite_note-NOAA1-74">[72]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: <a href="MeteoSwiss" title="MeteoSwiss">MeteoSwiss</a><a href="#cite_note-MeteoSwiss-75">[73]</a><a href="Royal_Netherlands_Meteorological_Institute" title="Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute">KNMI</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[74]</a>

</td></tr></tbody></table>

</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2></div>

The city of Basel functions as the capital of the <a href="Cantons_of_Switzerland" title="Cantons of Switzerland">Swiss half-canton</a> of <a href="Basel-Stadt" title="Basel-Stadt">Basel-Stadt</a>.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canton">Canton</h3></div>

The canton Basel-Stadt consists of three municipalities: <a href="Riehen" title="Riehen">Riehen</a>, <a href="Bettingen" title="Bettingen">Bettingen</a>, and the city Basel itself. The political structure and agencies of the city and the canton are identical.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Quarters">Quarters</h4></div>

The city itself has 19 quarters:

<ul><li>Grossbasel (Greater Basel):</li></ul>

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<dl><dd>1 Altstadt Grossbasel</dd>

<dd>2 Vorstädte</dd>

<dd>4 Breite</dd>

<dd>5 St. Alban</dd>

<dd>6 Gundeldingen</dd>

<dd>7 Bruderholz</dd>

<dd>8 Bachletten</dd>

<dd>9 Gotthelf</dd>

<dd>10 Iselin</dd>

<dd>11 St. Johann</dd></dl>

</div>

<ul><li>Kleinbasel (Lesser Basel):</li></ul>

<dl><dd>12 Altstadt Kleinbasel</dd>

<dd>13 Clara</dd>

<dd>14 Wettstein</dd>

<dd>15 Hirzbrunnen</dd>

<dd>16 Rosental</dd>

<dd>17 Matthäus</dd>

<dd>18 Klybeck</dd>

<dd>19 Kleinhüningen</dd></dl>

</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government">Government</h3></div>

The city's and canton's executive, the Executive Council (Regierungsrat), consists of seven members for a mandate period of 4 years. They are elected by any inhabitant valid to vote on the same day as the parliament, but by means of a system of Majorz, and operates as a collegiate authority. The president (German: Regierungspräsident(in)) is elected as such by a public election, while the heads of the other departments are appointed by the collegiate. The current president is <a href="Beat_Jans" title="Beat Jans">Beat Jans</a>. The executive body holds its meetings in the red <a href="Basel_Town_Hall" title="Basel Town Hall">Town Hall</a> (German: Rathaus) on the central Marktplatz. The building was built in 1504–14.

As of 2021, Basel's Executive Council is made up of three representatives of the SP (<a href="Social_Democratic_Party_of_Switzerland" title="Social Democratic Party of Switzerland">Social Democratic Party</a>) including the president, two LDP (Liberal-Demokratische Partei of Basel), and one member each of <a href="Green_Liberal_Party_of_Switzerland" title="Green Liberal Party of Switzerland">Green Liberals (glp)</a>, and CVP (<a href="Christian_Democratic_People's_Party_of_Switzerland" title="Christian Democratic People's Party of Switzerland">Christian Democratic Party</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Regrat-77">[75]</a> The last election was held on 25 October and 29 November 2020 and four new members have been elected.<a href="#cite_note-Elect20-78">[76]</a>

<caption>The Regierungsrat of Basel<a href="#cite_note-Regrat-77">[75]</a> for the mandate period 2021–25

</caption>

<th>Councillor (Regierungsrat/ -rätin)</th>

<th>Party</th>

<th>Head of Office (Departement, since) of</th>

<th>

elected since

</th></tr>

<tr>

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</style>  SP</td>

<td>President's Office (Präsidialdepartement (PD), 2021)</td>

<td>2020

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Tanja Soland</td>

<td>Finance (Finanzdepartement (FD))</td>

<td>2019

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Stephanie Eymann</td>

<td>Justice and Security (Justiz- und Sicherheitsdepartement (JSD), 2021)</td>

<td>2020

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Kaspar Sutter</td>

<td>Economics, Social Services, and Environment (Departement für Wirtschaft, Soziales und Umwelt (WSU), 2021)</td>

<td>2020

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Conradin_Cramer" title="Conradin Cramer">Conradin Cramer</a></td>

<td>Education (Erziehungsdepartement (ED), 2017)</td>

<td>2016

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Esther Keller</td>

<td>Construction and Transportation (Bau- und Verkehrsdepartement (BVD), 2021)</td>

<td>2020

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Lukas Engelberger</td>

<td>Health (Gesundheitsdepartement (GD), June 2014)</td>

<td>June 2014

</td></tr></tbody></table>

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<li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> President (Regierungspräsident)

</li>

</ol></div></div>

Barbara Schüpbach-Guggenbühlis is State Chronicler (Staatsschreiberin) since 2009, and Marco Greiner is Head of Communication (Regierungssprecher) and Vice State Chronicler (Vizestaatsschreiber) since 2007 for the Executive Council.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parliament">Parliament</h3></div>

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<div class="smooth-pie-legend-container"><div class="smooth-pie-caption">Grosser Rat of Basel for the mandate period of 2021–2025</div>

</ol>

</div>

</div></div></div>

The city's and canton's parliament, the <a href="Grand_Council_of_Basel-Stadt" title="Grand Council of Basel-Stadt">Grand Council of Basel-Stadt</a> (Grosser Rat), consists of 100 seats, with members (called in German: Grossrat/Grossrätin) elected every 4 years. The sessions of the Grand Council are public. Unlike the members of the Executive Council, the members of the Grand Council are not politicians by profession, but they are paid a fee based on their attendance. Any resident of Basel allowed to vote can be elected as a member of the parliament. The delegates are elected by means of a system of <a href="Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">Proporz</a>.<a href="#cite_note-80">[77]</a> The legislative body holds its meetings in the red Town Hall (Rathaus).

The last election was held on 25 October 2020 for the mandate period (Legislatur) of 2021–2025.<a href="#cite_note-Elect20-78">[76]</a> As of 1 February 2021, the Grand Council consist of 30 (−5) members of the <a href="Social_Democratic_Party_of_Switzerland" title="Social Democratic Party of Switzerland">Social Democratic Party (SP)</a>, 18 (+5) Grün-Alternatives Bündnis (GAB) (a collaboration of the <a href="Green_Party_of_Switzerland" title="Green Party of Switzerland">Green Party (GPS)</a>, its junior party, and Basels starke Alternative (BastA!)), 14 (−1) Liberal-Demokratische Partei (LDP), 11 (−4) members of the <a href="Swiss_People's_Party" title="Swiss People's Party">Swiss People's Party</a> (SVP), 8 (+5) <a href="Green_Liberal_Party_of_Switzerland" title="Green Liberal Party of Switzerland">Green Liberal Party (glp)</a>, 7 (−3) <a href="FDP.The_Liberals" class="mw-redirect" title="FDP.The Liberals">The Liberals (FDP)</a>, 7 (-) <a href="Christian_Democratic_People's_Party_of_Switzerland" title="Christian Democratic People's Party of Switzerland">Christian Democratic People's Party (CVP)</a>, 3 (+2) <a href="Evangelical_People's_Party_of_Switzerland" title="Evangelical People's Party of Switzerland">Evangelical People's Party (EVP)</a>, and one each representative of the Aktive Bettingen (AB) and Volks-Aktion gegen zuviele Ausländer und Asylanten in unserer Heimat (VA).<a href="#cite_note-81">[78]</a>

The left parties missed an absolute majority by two seats.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Federal_elections">Federal elections</h3></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="National_Council">National Council</h4></div>

In the <a href="2019_Swiss_federal_election" title="2019 Swiss federal election">2019 federal election</a> the most popular party was the <a href="Social_Democratic_Party_of_Switzerland" title="Social Democratic Party of Switzerland">Social Democratic Party (SP)</a> which received two seats with 34% (−1) of the votes. The next five most popular parties were the <a href="Green_Party_of_Switzerland" title="Green Party of Switzerland">Green Party (GPS)</a> (19.4%, +7.3), the <a href="Liberal_Party_of_Switzerland" title="Liberal Party of Switzerland">LPS</a> (14.5%, +3.6) and the FDP (5.8, −3.5), which are chained together at 20.3%, (+0.1), the <a href="Swiss_People's_Party" title="Swiss People's Party">SVP</a> (11.3%, -5.5), and the <a href="Green_Liberal_Party_of_Switzerland" title="Green Liberal Party of Switzerland">Green Liberal Party (GLP)</a> (5%, +0.6), <a href="Christian_Democratic_People's_Party_of_Switzerland" title="Christian Democratic People's Party of Switzerland">CVP</a> (4.1%, -1.9).<a href="#cite_note-82">[79]</a> In the federal election, a total of 44,628 votes were cast, and the <a href="Voter_turnout" title="Voter turnout">voter turnout</a> was 49.4%.<a href="#cite_note-83">[80]</a>

On 18 October 2015, in the <a href="2015_Swiss_federal_election" title="2015 Swiss federal election">federal election</a> the most popular party was the <a href="Social_Democratic_Party_of_Switzerland" title="Social Democratic Party of Switzerland">Social Democratic Party (SP)</a> which received two seats with 35% of the votes. The next three most popular parties were the <a href="FDP.The_Liberals" class="mw-redirect" title="FDP.The Liberals">FDP</a> (20.2%), the <a href="Swiss_People's_Party" title="Swiss People's Party">SVP</a> (16.8%), and the <a href="Green_Party_of_Switzerland" title="Green Party of Switzerland">Green Party (GPS)</a> (12.2%), each with one seat. In the federal election, a total of 57,304 votes were cast, and the <a href="Voter_turnout" title="Voter turnout">voter turnout</a> was 50.4%.<a href="#cite_note-84">[81]</a>

<caption>National Councillors (Nationalrat/ -rätin) of Basel-Town 2019–2023<a href="#cite_note-85">[82]</a>

</caption>

<th>Councillor</th>

<th>Party</th>

<th>part of the <a href="National_Council_(Switzerland)" title="National Council (Switzerland)">National Council</a> since</th>

<th>no. of votes

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td>21,869

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Mustafa_Atici" title="Mustafa Atici">Mustafa Atici</a></td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Sibel_Arslan" title="Sibel Arslan">Sibel Arslan</a></td>

<td>13,582

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Christoph_Eymann" title="Christoph Eymann">Christoph Eymann</a></td>

<td>13,220

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Katja_Christ" title="Katja Christ">Katja Christ</a></td>

<td>13,816

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Council_of_States">Council of States</h4></div>

On 20 October 2019, in the <a href="2019_Swiss_federal_election" title="2019 Swiss federal election">federal election</a> <a href="Eva_Herzog" title="Eva Herzog">Eva Herzog</a>, member of the <a href="Social_Democratic_Party_of_Switzerland" title="Social Democratic Party of Switzerland">Social Democratic Party   (SP)</a>, was elected for the first time as a State Councillor (Ständerätin) in the first round as single representative of the canton of Basel-Town and successor of Anita Fetz in the national <a href="Council_of_States_(Switzerland)" title="Council of States (Switzerland)">Council of States</a> (Ständerat) with an absolute majority of 37'210 votes.<a href="#cite_note-87">[83]</a>

On 18 October 2015, in the <a href="2015_Swiss_federal_election" title="2015 Swiss federal election">federal election</a> State Councillor (German: Ständerätin) <a href="Anita_Fetz" title="Anita Fetz">Anita Fetz</a>, member of the <a href="Social_Democratic_Party_of_Switzerland" title="Social Democratic Party of Switzerland">Social Democratic Party   (SP)</a>, was re-elected in the first round as single representative of the canton of Basel-Town in the national <a href="Council_of_States_(Switzerland)" title="Council of States (Switzerland)">Council of States</a> (Ständerat) with an absolute majority of 35'842 votes. She has been a member of it since 2003.<a href="#cite_note-88">[84]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_relations">International relations</h3></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Twin_towns,_sister_cities_and_partner_regions">Twin towns, sister cities and partner regions</h4></div>

Basel has two <a href="Twin_towns_and_sister_cities" class="mw-redirect" title="Twin towns and sister cities">sister cities</a> and a twinning among two states:<a href="#cite_note-TT-89">[85]</a>

<ul><li><a href="United_States" title="United States"></a> US state of <a href="Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>, since 2002<a href="#cite_note-TT-89">[85]</a></li>

<li><a href="China" title="China"></a> <a href="Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>, China, since 2007<a href="#cite_note-TT-89">[85]</a></li>

<li><a href="Japan" title="Japan"></a> <a href="Toyama_Prefecture" title="Toyama Prefecture">Toyama Prefecture</a>, Japan, since 2009<a href="#cite_note-TT-89">[85]</a></li>

<li><a href="United_States" title="United States"></a> <a href="Miami_Beach" class="mw-redirect" title="Miami Beach">Miami Beach</a>, US, since 2011<a href="#cite_note-TT-89">[85]</a></li>

<li><a href="Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast"></a> <a href="Abidjan" title="Abidjan">Abidjan</a>, Ivory Coast, since 2021<a href="#cite_note-TT-89">[85]</a></li>

<li><a href="South_Korea" title="South Korea"></a> <a href="Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a>, South Korea, since 2022<a href="#cite_note-TT-89">[85]</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Partner_cities">Partner cities</h4></div>

<ul><li> <a href="Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a>, Netherlands, since 1945<a href="#cite_note-90">[86]</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div>

<caption>Largest groups of foreign residents 2021

</caption>

<th>Nationality</th>

<th>Number</th>

<th>% total (foreigners)

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td> <a href="Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></td>

<td>8.2 (22.3)

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td> <a href="Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></td>

<td>4.3 (11.7)

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td> <a href="Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></td>

<td>2.8 (7.7)

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td> <a href="Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></td>

<td>2.0 (5.6)

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td> <a href="Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></td>

<td>1.7 (4.6)

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td> <a href="France" title="France">France</a></td>

<td>1.2 (3.2)

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td> <a href="Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a></td>

<td>1.1 (2.9)

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td> <a href="United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td>

<td>1.1 (2.7)

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td> <a href="North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></td>

<td>1.0 (2.8)

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td> <a href="Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></td>

<td>0.9 (2.4)

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td> <a href="India" title="India">India</a></td>

<td>0.8 (2.2)

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>0.8 (2.2)

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td> <a href="Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></td>

<td>0.6 (1.7)

</td></tr>

</tbody></table>

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</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1850</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">27,844</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1860</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">38,692</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+39.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1870</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">44,868</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+16.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1880</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">61,737</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+37.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1888</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">71,131</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+15.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1900</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">109,161</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+53.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1910</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">132,276</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+21.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1920</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">135,976</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+2.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1930</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">148,063</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+8.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1941</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">162,105</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+9.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1950</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">183,543</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+13.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1960</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">206,746</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+12.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1970</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">212,857</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+3.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1980</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">182,143</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−14.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1990</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">178,428</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">−2.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2000</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">166,558</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−6.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2010</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">163,216</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−2.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2020</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">173,863</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+6.5%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Source: <a href="#cite_note-91">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[88]</a></td></tr></tbody></table>The canton of Basel (slightly more than the city itself) has a population (As of 2021) of 201,971, of whom 36.9% are resident foreign nationals.<a href="#cite_note-93">[89]</a>

Over the 10 years of 1999–2009 the population has changed at a rate of −0.3%. It has changed at a rate of 3.2% due to migration and at a rate of −3% due to births and deaths.<a href="#cite_note-SFSO-94">[90]</a>

Of the population in the municipality 58,560 or about 35.2% were born in Basel and lived there in 2000. There were 1,396 or 0.8% who were born in the same canton, while 44,874 or 26.9% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 53,774 or 32.3% were born outside of Switzerland.<a href="#cite_note-STAT2000-95">[91]</a>

In 2008 there were 898 live births to Swiss citizens and 621 births to non-Swiss citizens, and in same time span there were 1,732 deaths of Swiss citizens and 175 non-Swiss citizen deaths. Ignoring immigration and emigration, the population of Swiss citizens decreased by 834 while the foreign population increased by 446. There were 207 Swiss men and 271 Swiss women who emigrated from Switzerland. At the same time, there were 1756 non-Swiss men and 1655 non-Swiss women who immigrated from another country to Switzerland. The total Swiss population change in 2008 (from all sources, including moves across municipal borders) was an increase of 278 and the non-Swiss population increased by 1138 people. This represents a <a href="Population_growth_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Population growth rate">population growth rate</a> of 0.9%.<a href="#cite_note-HDS_superweb-96">[92]</a>

As of 2000, there were 70,502 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 70,517 married individuals, 12,435 widows or widowers, and 13,104 individuals who are divorced.<a href="#cite_note-STAT2000-95">[91]</a>

As of 2000 the average number of residents per living room was 0.59 which is about equal to the cantonal average of 0.58 per room.<a href="#cite_note-SFSO-94">[90]</a> In this case, a room is defined as space of a housing unit of at least 4 m2 (43 sq ft) as normal bedrooms, dining rooms, living rooms, kitchens and habitable cellars and attics.<a href="#cite_note-EurostatSA1-97">[93]</a>: 18v About 10.5% of the total households were owner occupied, or in other words did not pay rent (though they may have a <a href="Mortgage_loan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mortgage loan">mortgage</a> or a <a href="Rent-to-own" title="Rent-to-own">rent-to-own</a> agreement).<a href="#cite_note-EurostatSA1-97">[93]</a>: 17

As of 2000, there were 86,371 private households in the municipality, and an average of 1.8 persons per household.<a href="#cite_note-SFSO-94">[90]</a> There were 44,469 households that consist of only one person and 2,842 households with five or more people. Out of a total of 88,646 households that answered this question, 50.2% were households made up of just one person and there were 451 adults who lived with their parents. Of the rest of the households, there are 20,472 married couples without children, 14,554 married couples with children There were 4,318 single parents with a child or children. There were 2,107 households that were made up of unrelated people and 2,275 households that were made up of some sort of institution or another collective housing.<a href="#cite_note-STAT2000-95">[91]</a>

In 2000 there were 5,747 single family homes (or 30.8% of the total) out of a total of 18,631 inhabited buildings. There were 7,642 multi-family buildings (41.0%), along with 4,093 multi-purpose buildings that were mostly used for housing (22.0%) and 1,149 other use buildings (commercial or industrial) that also had some housing (6.2%). Of the single family homes 1090 were built before 1919, while 65 were built between 1990 and 2000. The greatest number of single family homes (3,474) were built between 1919 and 1945.<a href="#cite_note-Housing-98">[94]</a>

In 2000 there were 96,640 apartments in the municipality. The most common apartment size was 3 rooms of which there were 35,958. There were 11,957 single room apartments and 9,702 apartments with five or more rooms. Of these apartments, a total of 84,675 apartments (87.6% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 7,916 apartments (8.2%) were seasonally occupied and 4,049 apartments (4.2%) were empty.<a href="#cite_note-Housing-98">[94]</a> As of 2009, the construction rate of new housing units was 2.6 new units per 1000 residents.<a href="#cite_note-SFSO-94">[90]</a>

As of 2003 the average price to rent an average apartment in Basel was 1118.60 <a href="Swiss_franc" title="Swiss franc">Swiss francs</a> (CHF) per month (US$890, £500, €720 approx. exchange rate from 2003). The average rate for a one-room apartment was 602.27 CHF (US$480, £270, €390), a two-room apartment was about 846.52 CHF (US$680, £380, €540), a three-room apartment was about 1054.14 CHF (US$840, £470, €670) and a six or more room apartment cost an average of 2185.24 CHF (US$1750, £980, €1400). The average apartment price in Basel was 100.2% of the national average of 1116 CHF.<a href="#cite_note-BFS_rent-99">[95]</a> The vacancy rate for the municipality, in 2010, was 0.74%.<a href="#cite_note-SFSO-94">[90]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3></div>

In 2000, most of the population spoke German (129,592 or 77.8%), with Italian being second most common (9,049 or 5.4%) and French being third (4,280 or 2.6%). There were 202 people who spoke <a href="Romansh_language" title="Romansh language">Romansh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-STAT2000-95">[91]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div>

From the 2000 census, 41,916 or 25.2% were <a href="Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a>, while 39,180 or 23.5% belonged to the <a href="Swiss_Reformed_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss Reformed Church">Swiss Reformed Church</a>. Of the rest of the population, there were 4,567 members of an <a href="Orthodoxy#Christianity" title="Orthodoxy">Orthodox church</a> (or about 2.74% of the population), 459 individuals (or about 0.28% of the population) who belonged to the <a href="Christian_Catholic_Church_of_Switzerland" title="Christian Catholic Church of Switzerland">Christian Catholic Church</a> and 3,464 individuals (or about 2.08% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There were 12,368 individuals (or about 7.43% of the population) who were Muslim, 1,325 individuals (or about 0.80% of the population) who were Jewish, however only members of religious institutions are counted as such by the municipality, which makes the actual number of people of <a href="Jews_in_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Switzerland">Jewish descent</a> living in Basel considerably higher. There were 746 individuals who were <a href="Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist</a>, 947 individuals who were Hindu and 485 individuals who belonged to another church. 52,321 (or about 31.41% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or <a href="Atheism" title="Atheism">atheist</a>, and 8,780 individuals (or about 5.27% of the population) did not answer the question.<a href="#cite_note-STAT2000-95">[91]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quarters_2">Quarters</h3></div>

Basel is subdivided into 19 quarters (Quartiere). The municipalities of <a href="Riehen" title="Riehen">Riehen</a> and <a href="Bettingen" title="Bettingen">Bettingen</a>, outside the city limits of Basel, are included in the canton of Basel-Stadt as rural quarters (Landquartiere).

<th>Quartier

</th>

<th>Area

</th>

<th>Population (March 2012<a href="#cite_note-Basel_stat_2012-100">[96]</a>)

</th>

<th>Population density (people/km2)

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td>Altstadt Grossbasel (historic city)</td>

<td style="text-align:right;">5,431.8

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Vorstädte (historical suburbs)</td>

<td style="text-align:right;">5,172.9

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td style="text-align:right;">11,554.2

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Breite</td>

<td style="text-align:right;">12,655.4

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>St. Alban</td>

<td style="text-align:right;">3,633

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Gundeldingen</td>

<td style="text-align:right;">15,140

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Bruderholz</td>

<td style="text-align:right;">3,477

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Bachletten</td>

<td style="text-align:right;">8,830

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Gotthelf</td>

<td style="text-align:right;">14,551.7

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Iselin</td>

<td style="text-align:right;">14,840

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>St. Johann</td>

<td style="text-align:right;">8,323

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Altstadt Kleinbasel (historic city)</td>

<td style="text-align:right;">9,401

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Clara</td>

<td style="text-align:right;">17,088

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Wettstein</td>

<td style="text-align:right;">7,139.4

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Hirzbrunnen</td>

<td style="text-align:right;">2,845

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Rosental</td>

<td style="text-align:right;">8,052

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Mattäus</td>

<td style="text-align:right;">27,149.1

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Klybeck</td>

<td style="text-align:right;">7,932.9

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Kleinhüningen</td>

<td style="text-align:right;">2,038

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>City of Basel</td>

<td style="text-align:right;">7,847

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Bettingen" title="Bettingen">Bettingen</a></td>

<td style="text-align:right;">567

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Riehen" title="Riehen">Riehen</a></td>

<td style="text-align:right;">2,017

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Canton of Basel-Stadt</td>

<td style="text-align:right;">5,619

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transport">Transport</h3></div>

Basel's airport, <a href="EuroAirport_Basel_Mulhouse_Freiburg" title="EuroAirport Basel Mulhouse Freiburg">EuroAirport Basel Mulhouse Freiburg</a>, is set up for airfreight; heavy goods reach the city and the heart of <a href="Continental_Europe" title="Continental Europe">continental Europe</a> from <a href="North_Sea" title="North Sea">the North Sea</a> by ship along the Rhine.

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Merchant_Marine_of_Switzerland" title="Merchant Marine of Switzerland">Merchant Marine of Switzerland</a></div>

Basel has Switzerland's only cargo port, through which goods pass along the navigable stretches of the <a href="Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> and connect to ocean-going ships at the <a href="Port_of_Rotterdam" title="Port of Rotterdam">port of Rotterdam</a>.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Air_transport">Air transport</h4></div>

<a href="EuroAirport_Basel_Mulhouse_Freiburg" title="EuroAirport Basel Mulhouse Freiburg">EuroAirport Basel Mulhouse Freiburg</a> is operated jointly by two countries, France and Switzerland, although the airport is located completely on French soil. The airport itself is split into two architecturally independent sectors, one half serving the French side and the other half serving the Swiss side; prior to <a href="Schengen_Agreement" title="Schengen Agreement">Schengen</a> there was an immigration inspection point at the middle of the airport so that people could "emigrate" to the other side of the airport.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Railways">Railways</h4></div>

Basel was the first Swiss city with a railway station and it has long held an important place as a rail hub.<a href="#cite_note-102">[98]</a> Three main railway stations—those of the <a href="Rail_transport_in_Switzerland" title="Rail transport in Switzerland">Swiss</a>, <a href="Rail_transport_in_France" title="Rail transport in France">French</a> and <a href="Rail_transport_in_Germany" title="Rail transport in Germany">German</a> networks—lie within the city, although the Swiss (<a href="Basel_SBB_railway_station" title="Basel SBB railway station">Basel SBB</a>) and French (<a href="Basel_SBB_railway_station" title="Basel SBB railway station">Bâle SNCF</a>) stations are actually in the same complex, separated by customs and immigration facilities. The German <a href="Basel_Badischer_Bahnhof" title="Basel Badischer Bahnhof">Basel Badischer Bahnhof</a> (abbreviated to Basel Bad Bf) is on the northern side of the city. Two other, smaller stations within the city limits are <a href="Basel_Dreispitz_railway_station" title="Basel Dreispitz railway station">Basel Dreispitz</a> and <a href="Basel_St._Johann_railway_station" title="Basel St. Johann railway station">Basel St. Johann</a>. All stations are connected to the local <a href="Basler_Verkehrsbetriebe" class="mw-redirect" title="Basler Verkehrsbetriebe">tram and bus network</a> (BVB). Basel's regional rail services are supplied by the <a href="Basel_S-Bahn" title="Basel S-Bahn">Basel S-Bahn</a>, which links the city with destinations in Switzerland, France and Germany.

Most long-distance trains call at Basel SBB station, such as <a href="EuroCity" title="EuroCity">EC</a>, <a href="TGV_Lyria" title="TGV Lyria">TGV</a>, <a href="Intercity_Express" title="Intercity Express">ICE</a>, <a href="InterCity_(Switzerland)" title="InterCity (Switzerland)">IC</a> and <a href="InterRegio#Switzerland" title="InterRegio">IR</a> services. The ICE also calls at Basel Bad Bf. The new <a href="High-speed_rail" title="High-speed rail">high-speed</a> ICE railway line from <a href="Karlsruhe%E2%80%93Basel_high-speed_railway" title="Karlsruhe–Basel high-speed railway">Karlsruhe to Basel</a> was completed in 2008 while phase I of the <a href="LGV_Rhin-Rh%C3%B4ne" title="LGV Rhin-Rhône">TGV Rhine-Rhône</a> line, opened in December 2011, has reduced travel time from Basel to Paris to about 3 hours.<a href="#cite_note-103">[99]</a>

The largest goods railway complex of the country<a href="#cite_note-104">[100]</a> is located just outside the city, spanning the <a href="Municipalities_of_Switzerland" title="Municipalities of Switzerland">municipalities</a> of <a href="Muttenz" title="Muttenz">Muttenz</a> and <a href="Pratteln" title="Pratteln">Pratteln</a>.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Roads">Roads</h4></div>

Basel is located on the <a href="A3_motorway_(Switzerland)" title="A3 motorway (Switzerland)">A3 motorway</a>.

Within the city limits, five bridges connect Greater and Lesser Basel (downstream):

<ul><li>Schwarzwaldbrücke (built 1972)</li>

<li>Wettsteinbrücke (current structure built 1998, original bridge built 1879)</li>

<li><a href="Mittlere_Rheinbr%C3%BCcke" class="mw-redirect" title="Mittlere Rheinbrücke">Mittlere Rheinbrücke</a> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'Middle Rhine bridge', current structure built 1905, original bridge built 1225 as the first bridge to cross the Rhine)</li>

<li>Johanniterbrücke (built 1967)</li>

<li>Dreirosenbrücke (built 2004, original bridge built 1935)</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ferries">Ferries</h4></div>

A somewhat anachronistic yet still widely used system of <a href="Reaction_ferry" title="Reaction ferry">reaction ferry</a> boats links the two shores. There are four ferries, each situated approximately midway between two bridges. Each is attached by a cable to a block that rides along another cable spanning the river at a height of 20 to 30 metres (66 to 98 feet). To cross the river, the ferryman orients the boat around 45° from the current so that the current pushes the boat across the river. This form of transportation is therefore completely hydraulically driven, requiring no outside energy source.

<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110706231810/http://www.faehri.ch/">Home/Aktuell – Fähri Verein Basel</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Public_transport">Public transport</h4></div>

Basel has an extensive public transportation network serving the city and connecting to surrounding suburbs, including a large <a href="Basel_Trams" class="mw-redirect" title="Basel Trams">tram network</a>. Today, Basel has the largest tramway in terms of kilometers of rail tracks in Switzerland.<a href="#cite_note-Appenzeller-105">[101]</a> Historically, only <a href="Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a> had a larger one at some point.<a href="#cite_note-Appenzeller-105">[101]</a>

The green-colored local <a href="Light_rail" title="Light rail">trams</a> and buses are operated by the <a href="Basler_Verkehrs-Betriebe" title="Basler Verkehrs-Betriebe">Basler Verkehrs-Betriebe</a> (BVB). The yellow-colored buses and trams are operated by the <a href="Baselland_Transport" title="Baselland Transport">Baselland Transport</a> (BLT), and connect areas in the nearby half-canton of Baselland to central Basel. The BVB also shares commuter bus lines in cooperation with transit authorities in the neighboring Alsace region in France and <a href="Baden" title="Baden">Baden</a> region in Germany. The <a href="Basel_Regional_S-Bahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Basel Regional S-Bahn">Basel Regional S-Bahn</a>, the commuter rail network connecting to suburbs surrounding the city, is jointly operated by <a href="Schweizerische_Bundesbahnen" class="mw-redirect" title="Schweizerische Bundesbahnen">SBB</a>, <a href="SNCF" title="SNCF">SNCF</a> and <a href="Deutsche_Bahn" title="Deutsche Bahn">DB</a>.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Border_crossings">Border crossings</h4></div>

Basel is located at the meeting point of France, Germany, and Switzerland; because it sits on the Swiss national border and is beyond the <a href="Jura_Mountains" title="Jura Mountains">Jura Mountains</a>, many within the <a href="Swiss_military" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss military">Swiss military</a> reportedly believe that the city is indefensible during wartime.<a href="#cite_note-mcphee19831031-106">[102]</a> It has numerous road and rail crossings between Switzerland and the other two countries. With Switzerland joining the <a href="Schengen_Area" title="Schengen Area">Schengen Area</a> on 12 December 2008, immigration checks were no longer carried out at the crossings. However, Switzerland did not join the <a href="European_Union_Customs_Union" title="European Union Customs Union">European Union Customs Union</a> (though it did join the <a href="EU_Single_Market" class="mw-redirect" title="EU Single Market">EU Single Market</a>) and customs checks are still conducted at or near the crossings.

France-Switzerland (from east to west)

<ul><li>Road crossings (with French road name continuation)

<ul><li>Kohlenstrasse (Avenue de Bâle, Huningue). This crossing replaces the former crossing Hüningerstrasse further east.</li>

<li>Elsässerstrasse (Avenue de Bâle, Saint-Louis)</li>

<li>Autobahn A3 (<a href="A35_autoroute" title="A35 autoroute">A35 autoroute</a>, Saint-Louis), crossing <a href="Mulhouse" title="Mulhouse">Mulhouse</a>, <a href="Colmar" title="Colmar">Colmar</a> and <a href="Strasbourg" title="Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a>.</li>

<li><a href="EuroAirport_Basel-Mulhouse-Freiburg" class="mw-redirect" title="EuroAirport Basel-Mulhouse-Freiburg">EuroAirport Basel-Mulhouse-Freiburg</a> – pedestrian walkway between the French and Swiss sections on Level 3 (departures) of airport.</li>

<li>Burgfelderstrasse (Rue du 1er Mars, Saint Louis)</li></ul></li>

<li>Railway crossing

<ul><li><a href="Basel_SBB_railway_station" title="Basel SBB railway station">Basel SBB railway station</a></li></ul></li></ul>

Germany-Switzerland (clockwise, from north to south)

<ul><li>Road crossings (with German road name continuation)

<ul><li>Hiltalingerstrasse (Zollstraße, <a href="Weil_am_Rhein" title="Weil am Rhein">Weil am Rhein</a>). Tram 8 goes along this road to Weil am Rhein. The extension opened in 2014; it used to end before the border.<a href="#cite_note-107">[103]</a></li>

<li>Autobahn A2 (<a href="Bundesautobahn_5" title="Bundesautobahn 5">Autobahn A5</a>, <a href="Weil_am_Rhein" title="Weil am Rhein">Weil am Rhein</a>)</li>

<li>Freiburgerstrasse (Baslerstraße, <a href="Weil_am_Rhein" title="Weil am Rhein">Weil am Rhein</a>)</li>

<li>Weilstrasse, <a href="Riehen" title="Riehen">Riehen</a> (Haupstraße, <a href="Weil_am_Rhein" title="Weil am Rhein">Weil am Rhein</a>)</li>

<li>Lörracherstrasse, <a href="Riehen" title="Riehen">Riehen</a> (Baslerstraße, Stetten, <a href="L%C3%B6rrach" title="Lörrach">Lörrach</a>)</li>

<li>Inzlingerstrasse, <a href="Riehen" title="Riehen">Riehen</a> (Riehenstraße, <a href="Inzlingen" title="Inzlingen">Inzlingen</a>)</li>

<li>Grenzacherstrasse (Hörnle, <a href="Grenzach-Wyhlen" title="Grenzach-Wyhlen">Grenzach-Wyhlen</a>)</li></ul></li>

<li>Railway crossing

<ul><li>Between Basel SBB and <a href="Basel_Badischer_Bahnhof" title="Basel Badischer Bahnhof">Basel Badischer Bahnhof</a> – Basel Badischer Bahnhof, and all other railway property and stations on the right bank of the Rhine belong to <a href="Deutsche_Bundesbahn" title="Deutsche Bundesbahn">DB</a> and are classed as German customs territory. Immigration and customs checks are conducted at the platform exit tunnel for passengers leaving trains here.</li></ul></li></ul>

Additionally there are many footpaths and cycle tracks crossing the border between Basel and Germany.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health">Health</h3></div>

As the biggest town in the Northwest of Switzerland numerous public and private health centres are located in Basel. Among others the <a href="University_Hospital_of_Basel" title="University Hospital of Basel">Universitätsspital Basel</a> and the Universitätskinderspital Basel. Private health centres include the Bethesda Spital and the Merian Iselin Klinik. Additionally the <a href="Swiss_Tropical_and_Public_Health_Institute" title="Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute">Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute</a> is located in Basel too.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy">Energy</h3></div>

Basel is at the forefront of a national vision to more than halve energy use in Switzerland by 2050. To research, develop and commercialise the technologies and techniques required for the country to become a <a href="2000-watt_society" title="2000-watt society">2000 Watt society</a>, a number of projects have been set up since 2001 in the Basel metropolitan area. These include demonstration buildings constructed to <a href="Minergie" title="Minergie">Minergie</a> or <a href="Passive_house" title="Passive house">Passivhaus</a> standards, electricity generation from <a href="Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable energy</a> sources,<a href="#cite_note-108">[104]</a> and vehicles using natural gas, <a href="Hydrogen_economy" title="Hydrogen economy">hydrogen</a> and <a href="Biogas" title="Biogas">biogas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-109">[105]</a>

A building construction law was passed in 2002 also which stated that all new flat roofs must be greened leading to Basel becoming the world's leading green roof city. This was driven by an energy saving programme.<a href="#cite_note-110">[106]</a>

A <a href="Enhanced_geothermal_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Enhanced geothermal systems">hot dry rock geothermal energy</a> project was cancelled in 2009 since it caused <a href="Induced_seismicity_in_Basel" title="Induced seismicity in Basel">induced seismicity in Basel</a>.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div>

The city of Basel, located in the north west of Switzerland, is one of the most dynamic economic regions of Switzerland.

As of 2016, Basel had an unemployment rate of 3.7%.<a href="#cite_note-BSSKompakt-111">[107]</a> As of 2018, 19.3% of the working population was employed in the <a href="Secondary_sector_of_the_economy" title="Secondary sector of the economy">secondary sector</a> and 80.6% was employed in the <a href="Tertiary_sector_of_the_economy" title="Tertiary sector of the economy">tertiary sector</a>.<a href="#cite_note-112">[108]</a> There were 82,449 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which women made up 46.2% of the workforce.

In 2008 the total number of <a href="Full-time_equivalent" title="Full-time equivalent">full-time equivalent</a> jobs was 130,988. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 13, of which 10 were in agriculture and 4 were in forestry or lumber production. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 33,171 of which 24,848 or (74.9%) were in manufacturing, 10 were in mining and 7,313 (22.0%) were in construction. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 97,804. In the tertiary sector; 12,880 or 13.2% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 11,959 or 12.2% were in the movement and storage of goods, 6,120 or 6.3% were in a hotel or restaurant, 4,186 or 4.3% were in the information industry, 10,752 or 11.0% were the insurance or financial industry, 13,695 or 14.0% were technical professionals or scientists, 6,983 or 7.1% were in education and 16,060 or 16.4% were in health care.<a href="#cite_note-113">[109]</a>

In 2000, there were 121,842 workers who commuted into the municipality and 19,263 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net importer of workers, with about 6.3 workers entering the municipality for every one leaving. About 23.9% of the workforce coming into Basel are coming from outside Switzerland, while 1.0% of the locals commute out of Switzerland for work.<a href="#cite_note-commuter-114">[110]</a> Of the working population, 49.2% used public transportation to get to work, and 18.7% used a private car.<a href="#cite_note-SFSO-94">[90]</a>

The first <a href="Roche_Tower" title="Roche Tower">Roche Tower</a>, designed by <a href="Herzog_%26_de_Meuron" title="Herzog & de Meuron">Herzog & de Meuron</a>, is 41 floors and 178 metres (584 ft) high, upon its opening in 2015 it has become the tallest building in Switzerland. Roche Tower-2 was opened in 2022, has 50 floors and is Switzerland's tallest building. Basel has also Switzerland's third tallest building (<a href="Basler_Messeturm" title="Basler Messeturm">Basler Messeturm</a>, 105 m (344 ft)) and Switzerland's tallest tower (<a href="Swisscom-Sendeturm_St._Chrischona" title="Swisscom-Sendeturm St. Chrischona">St. Chrischona TV tower</a>, 250 m (820 ft)).

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemical_industry">Chemical industry</h3></div>

The Swiss <a href="Chemical_industry" title="Chemical industry">chemical industry</a> operates largely from Basel, and Basel also has a large <a href="Pharmaceutical_industry_in_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceutical industry in Switzerland">pharmaceutical industry</a>. <a href="Novartis" title="Novartis">Novartis</a>,<a href="#cite_note-GoingtoBasel-115">[111]</a> <a href="Syngenta" title="Syngenta">Syngenta</a>, <a href="Ciba_Specialty_Chemicals" title="Ciba Specialty Chemicals">Ciba Specialty Chemicals</a>,<a href="#cite_note-116">[112]</a> <a href="Clariant" title="Clariant">Clariant</a>,<a href="#cite_note-117">[113]</a> <a href="Hoffmann%E2%80%93La_Roche" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoffmann–La Roche">Hoffmann-La Roche</a>,<a href="#cite_note-GoingtoBasel-115">[111]</a> <a href="Basilea_Pharmaceutica" title="Basilea Pharmaceutica">Basilea Pharmaceutica</a>, and <a href="Actelion" title="Actelion">Actelion</a> are headquartered there. Pharmaceuticals and specialty chemicals have become the modern focus of the city's industrial production.

In addition, Basel is a major European hub for Biotech and Biopharmaceuticals. There are plenty of small and mid-sized start-ups. The vibrant VC scene also supports this.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Banking">Banking</h3></div>

Banking is important to Basel:

<ul><li><a href="UBS_AG" class="mw-redirect" title="UBS AG">UBS AG</a> maintains central offices in Basel.<a href="#cite_note-118">[114]</a></li>

<li>The <a href="Bank_for_International_Settlements" title="Bank for International Settlements">Bank for International Settlements</a> (BIS) is located within the city and is the central banker's bank.</li></ul>

<dl><dd>According to the BIS, "The choice of Switzerland for the seat of the BIS was a compromise by those countries that established the BIS: Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States. When consensus could not be reached on locating the Bank in London, Brussels or Amsterdam, the choice fell on Switzerland. An independent, neutral country, Switzerland offered the BIS less exposure to undue influence from any of the major powers. Within Switzerland, Basel was chosen largely because of its location, with excellent railway connections in all directions, especially important at a time when most international travel was by train."<a href="#cite_note-119">[115]</a></dd>

<dd>Created in May 1930, the BIS is owned by its member <a href="Central_bank" title="Central bank">central banks</a>. No agent of the Swiss public authorities may enter the premises without the express consent of the bank.<a href="#cite_note-120">[116]</a> The bank exercises supervision and police power over its premises. The BIS enjoys immunity from criminal and administrative jurisdiction.<a href="#cite_note-121">[117]</a></dd>

<dd>The <a href="Basel_Committee_on_Banking_Supervision" title="Basel Committee on Banking Supervision">Basel Committee on Banking Supervision</a> usually meets at the BIS premises in Basel. It produces recommendations such as the <a href="Basel_Accord" class="mw-redirect" title="Basel Accord">Basel Accords</a> (<a href="Basel_I" title="Basel I">Basel I</a>, <a href="Basel_II_Accord" class="mw-redirect" title="Basel II Accord">Basel II</a> and <a href="Basel_III" title="Basel III">Basel III</a>), based on consensus among its members which are central banks and <a href="Banking_supervisor" class="mw-redirect" title="Banking supervisor">banking supervisors</a>.</dd></dl>

<ul><li>Basel also hosts the headquarters of the <a href="Global_Infrastructure_Basel_Foundation" title="Global Infrastructure Basel Foundation">Global Infrastructure Basel Foundation</a>, which is active in the field of sustainable infrastructure (financing).</li></ul>

<a href="Swiss_International_Air_Lines" title="Swiss International Air Lines">Swiss International Air Lines</a>, the national airline of Switzerland, is headquartered on the grounds of <a href="EuroAirport_Basel-Mulhouse-Freiburg" class="mw-redirect" title="EuroAirport Basel-Mulhouse-Freiburg">EuroAirport Basel-Mulhouse-Freiburg</a> in <a href="Saint-Louis%2C_Haut-Rhin" title="Saint-Louis, Haut-Rhin">Saint-Louis</a>, Haut-Rhin, France, near Basel.<a href="#cite_note-122">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[120]</a> Prior to the formation of Swiss International Air Lines, the regional airline <a href="Crossair" title="Crossair">Crossair</a> was headquartered near Basel.<a href="#cite_note-125">[121]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3></div>

<a href="Basler_Zeitung" title="Basler Zeitung">Basler Zeitung</a> ("BaZ") and bz Basel are the local newspapers. The local TV station is called Telebasel. The German-speaking <a href="Schweizer_Radio_und_Fernsehen" title="Schweizer Radio und Fernsehen">Swiss Radio and Television SRF</a> company, part of the <a href="Swiss_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Swiss Broadcasting Corporation">Swiss Broadcasting Corporation</a> SRG SSR, holds offices in Basel as well. The academic publishers <a href="Birkh%C3%A4user" title="Birkhäuser">Birkhäuser</a>, <a href="Karger_Publishers" title="Karger Publishers">Karger</a> and <a href="MDPI" title="MDPI">MDPI</a> are based in Basel.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trade_fairs">Trade fairs</h3></div>

Important trade shows include <a href="Art_Basel" title="Art Basel">Art Basel</a>, the world's most important fair for modern and contemporary art, <a href="Baselworld" title="Baselworld">Baselworld</a> (watches and jewelry, now discontinued), Swissbau (construction and real estate) and Igeho (hotels, catering, take-away, care). The <a href="Mustermesse_Basel" title="Mustermesse Basel">Swiss Sample Fair</a> ("Schweizer Mustermesse") was the largest and oldest consumer fair in Switzerland. It was held from 2007 to 2019 and took place in Kleinbasel on the right bank of the Rhine.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2></div>

Besides <a href="Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a> the city of Basel has also been well known for its achievements in the field of mathematics. Among others, the mathematician <a href="Leonhard_Euler" title="Leonhard Euler">Leonhard Euler</a> and the <a href="Bernoulli_family" title="Bernoulli family">Bernoulli family</a> have done research and been teaching at the local institutions for centuries. In 1910 the Swiss Mathematical Society was founded in the city and in the mid-twentieth century the Russian mathematician <a href="Alexander_Ostrowski" title="Alexander Ostrowski">Alexander Ostrowski</a> taught at the local university. In 2000 about 57,864 or (34.7%) of the population have completed non-mandatory <a href="Education_in_Switzerland#Secondary" title="Education in Switzerland">upper secondary education</a>, and 27,603 or (16.6%) have completed additional higher education (either <a href="List_of_universities_in_Switzerland" title="List of universities in Switzerland">university</a> or a <a href="Fachhochschule" title="Fachhochschule">Fachhochschule</a>). Of the 27,603 who completed tertiary schooling, 44.4% were Swiss men, 31.1% were Swiss women, 13.9% were non-Swiss men and 10.6% were non-Swiss women.<a href="#cite_note-STAT2000-95">[91]</a>

In 2010 11,912 students attended the <a href="University_of_Basel" title="University of Basel">University of Basel</a> (55% female). 25% were foreign nationals, 16% were from canton of Basel-Stadt. In 2006, 6162 students studied at one of the nine academies of the FHNW (51% female).<a href="#cite_note-BB-126">[122]</a>

As of 2000, there were 5,820 students in Basel who came from another municipality, while 1,116 residents attended schools outside the municipality.<a href="#cite_note-commuter-114">[110]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Universities">Universities</h3></div>

Basel hosts Switzerland's oldest university, the <a href="University_of_Basel" title="University of Basel">University of Basel</a>, dating from 1460. <a href="Desiderius_Erasmus" class="mw-redirect" title="Desiderius Erasmus">Erasmus</a>, <a href="Paracelsus" title="Paracelsus">Paracelsus</a>, <a href="Daniel_Bernoulli" title="Daniel Bernoulli">Daniel Bernoulli</a>, <a href="Leonhard_Euler" title="Leonhard Euler">Leonhard Euler</a>, <a href="Jacob_Burckhardt" title="Jacob Burckhardt">Jacob Burckhardt</a>, <a href="Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a>, <a href="Tadeusz_Reichstein" title="Tadeusz Reichstein">Tadeusz Reichstein</a>, <a href="Karl_Jaspers" title="Karl Jaspers">Karl Jaspers</a>, <a href="Carl_Jung" title="Carl Jung">Carl Gustav Jung</a>, and <a href="Karl_Barth" title="Karl Barth">Karl Barth</a> worked there. The University of Basel is currently counted among the 90 best educational institutions worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-127">[123]</a>

In 2007, the <a href="ETH_Zurich" title="ETH Zurich">ETH Zurich</a> (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich) established the Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering (D-BSSE) in Basel. The creation of the D-BSSE was driven by a Swiss-wide research initiative SystemsX, and was jointly supported by funding from the ETH Zürich, the Swiss Government, the Swiss University Conference (SUC) and private industry.<a href="#cite_note-128">[124]</a>

Basel also hosts several academies of the Fachhochschule Nordwestschweiz|Fachhochschule NW (FHNW): the FHNW Academy of Art and Design, FHNW Academy of Music, and the FHNW School of Business.<a href="#cite_note-129">[125]</a>

Basel is renowned for various scientific societies, such as the Entomological Society of Basel (Entomologische Gesellschaft Basel, EGB), which celebrated its 100th anniversary in 2005.<a href="#cite_note-130">[126]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Volksschule">Volksschule</h3></div>

In 2005 16,939 pupils and students attended the Volksschule (the obligatory school time, including Kindergarten (127), primary schools (Primarschule, 25), and lower secondary schools (Sekundarschule, 10),<a href="#cite_note-131">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[128]</a> of which 94% visited public schools and 39.5% were foreign nationals. In 2010 already 51.1% of all pupils spoke another language than German as their first language. In 2009 3.1% of the pupils visited special classes for pupils with particular needs. The average amount of study in primary school in Basel is 816 teaching hours per year.<a href="#cite_note-BB-126">[122]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Upper_secondary_school">Upper secondary school</h3></div>

In 2010 65% of the youth finished their upper secondary education with a vocational training and education, 18% finished their upper secondary education with a <a href="Matura" title="Matura">Federal Matura</a> at one of the five gymnasiums, 5% completed a Fachmaturität at the FMS, 5% completed a Berufsmaturität synchronously to their vocational training, and 7% other kind of upper secondary maturity. 14.1% of all students at public gymnasiums were foreign nationals. The Maturity quota in 2010 was on a record high at 28.8% (32.8 female, 24.9% male).<a href="#cite_note-BB-126">[122]</a>

Basel has five public <a href="Mittelschule" title="Mittelschule">gymnasiums</a> (Gymnasium Bäumlihof, Gymnasium Kirschgarten, Gymnasium am Münsterplatz, Gymnasium Leonhard, Wirtschaftsgymnasium und Wirtschaftsmittelschule Basel), each with its own profiles (different focus on major subjects, such as visual design, biology and chemistry, Italian, Spanish, or Latin languages, music, physics and applied mathematics, philosophy/education/psychology, and economics and law) that entitles students with a successful <a href="Matura" title="Matura">Matura</a> graduation to attend universities. And one Fachmaturitätsschule, the FMS, with six different major subjects (health/natural sciences, education, social work, design/art, music/theatre/dance, and communication/media) that entitles students with a successful Fachmatura graduation to attend <a href="Fachhochschule" title="Fachhochschule">Fachhochschulen</a>. Four different höhere Fachschulen (higher vocational schools such as Bildungszentrum Gesundheit Basel-Stadt (health), Allgemeine Gewerbeschule Basel (trade), Berufsfachschule Basel, Schule für Gestaltung Basel (design)) allows vocational students to improve their knowledge and know-how.<a href="#cite_note-133">[129]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_schools">International schools</h3></div>

As a city with a percentage of foreigners of more than thirty-five per cent and as one of the most important centres in the chemical and pharmaceutical field in the world, Basel counts several international schools including: Academia International School, École Française de Bâle, Freies Gymnasium Basel (private), Gymnasium am Münsterplatz (public), Schweizerisch-italienische Primarschule Sandro Pertini, <a href="International_School_Basel" title="International School Basel">International School Basel</a>, BLIS Baselland International School.<a href="#cite_note-134">[130]</a> and <a href="SIS_Swiss_International_School" title="SIS Swiss International School">SIS Swiss International School</a>.<a href="#cite_note-135">[131]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Libraries">Libraries</h3></div>

Basel is home to at least 65 libraries. Some of the largest include; the Universitätsbibliothek Basel (main university library), the special libraries of the University of Basel, the Allgemein Bibliotheken der Gesellschaft für Gutes und Gemeinnütziges (GGG) Basel, the Library of the Pädagogische Hochschule, the Library of the Hochschule für Soziale Arbeit and the Library of the Hochschule für Wirtschaft. There was a combined total (as of 2008) of 8,443,643 books or other media in the libraries, and in the same year a total of 1,722,802 items were loaned out.<a href="#cite_note-136">[132]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Main_sights">Main sights</h3></div>

The red sandstone <a href="Basel_Minster" title="Basel Minster">Münster</a>, one of the foremost late-Romanesque/early Gothic buildings in the Upper Rhine, was badly damaged in the great earthquake of 1356, rebuilt in the 14th and 15th century, extensively reconstructed in the mid-19th century and further restored in the late 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-20th-137">[133]</a> A memorial to <a href="Desiderius_Erasmus" class="mw-redirect" title="Desiderius Erasmus">Erasmus</a> lies inside the Münster. The City Hall from the 16th century is located on the Market Square and is decorated with fine murals on the outer walls and on the walls of the inner court.

Basel is also host to an array of buildings by internationally renowned architects. These include the <a href="Beyeler_Foundation" title="Beyeler Foundation">Beyeler Foundation</a> by <a href="Renzo_Piano" title="Renzo Piano">Renzo Piano</a>, or the <a href="Vitra_(furniture)" title="Vitra (furniture)">Vitra</a> complex in nearby Weil am Rhein, composed of buildings by architects such as <a href="Zaha_Hadid" title="Zaha Hadid">Zaha Hadid</a> (fire station), <a href="Frank_Gehry" title="Frank Gehry">Frank Gehry</a> (<a href="Vitra_Design_Museum" title="Vitra Design Museum">Design Museum</a>), <a href="%C3%81lvaro_Siza_Vieira" title="Álvaro Siza Vieira">Álvaro Siza Vieira</a> (factory building), and <a href="Tadao_Ando" title="Tadao Ando">Tadao Ando</a> (conference centre). Basel also features buildings by <a href="Mario_Botta" title="Mario Botta">Mario Botta</a> (Jean Tinguely Museum and Bank of International settlements) and <a href="Herzog_%26_de_Meuron" title="Herzog & de Meuron">Herzog & de Meuron</a> (whose architectural practice is in Basel, and who are best known as the architects of <a href="Tate_Modern" title="Tate Modern">Tate Modern</a> in London and the <a href="Beijing_National_Stadium" title="Beijing National Stadium">Bird's Nest</a> in Beijing, the Olympia stadium, which was designed for use throughout the 2008 Summer Olympics and Paralympics). The city received the <a href="Wakker_Prize" title="Wakker Prize">Wakker Prize</a> in 1996.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Heritage_sites">Heritage sites</h4></div>

Basel features a great number of <a href="Swiss_Inventory_of_Cultural_Property_of_National_and_Regional_Significance" title="Swiss Inventory of Cultural Property of National and Regional Significance">heritage sites of national significance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-138">[134]</a>

These include the entire Old Town of Basel as well as the following buildings and collections:

<dl><dt>Churches and monasteries</dt>

<dd><a href="Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic</a> Prediger Kirche (church), Bischofshof with <a href="Collegiate_church" title="Collegiate church">Collegiate church</a> at Rittergasse 1, Domhof at Münsterplatz 10–12, former <a href="Carthusian" class="mw-redirect" title="Carthusian">Carthusian</a> House of St Margarethental, <a href="Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Catholic</a> Church of St Antonius, Lohnhof (former <a href="Augustinians" title="Augustinians">Augustinians</a> Collegiate Church), Mission 21, Archive of the Evangelisches Missionswerk Basel, <a href="Basel_M%C3%BCnster" class="mw-redirect" title="Basel Münster">Münster of Basel</a> (cathedral), <a href="Swiss_Reformed_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss Reformed Church">Reformed</a> <a href="Elisabethenkirche%2C_Basel" title="Elisabethenkirche, Basel">Elisabethenkirche</a> (church), Reformed Johanneskirche (church), Reformed Leonhardskirche (church, former <a href="Augustinians" title="Augustinians">Augustinians</a> Abbey), Reformed Martinskirche (church), Reformed Pauluskirche (church), Reformed Peterskirche (church), Reformed St. Albankirche (church) with cloister and cemetery, Reformed Theodorskirche (church), Synagoge at Eulerstrasse 2</dd></dl>

<dl><dt>Secular buildings</dt>

Badischer Bahnhof (German Baden's railway station) with fountain, <a href="Bank_for_International_Settlements" title="Bank for International Settlements">Bank for International Settlements</a>, Blaues Haus (Reichensteinerhof) at Rheinsprung 16, Bruderholzschule (school house) at Fritz-Hauser-Strasse 20, Brunschwiler Haus at Hebelstrasse 15, <a href="Basel_SBB_railway_station" title="Basel SBB railway station">Bahnhof Basel SBB</a> (Swiss railway station), Bürgerspital (hospital), Café Spitz (Merianflügel), Coop Schweiz company's central archive, Depot of the Archäologischen Bodenforschung des Kanton Basel-Stadt, former Gallizian Paper Mill and <a href="Basel_Paper_Mill" title="Basel Paper Mill">Swiss Museum of Paper</a>, former Klingental-Kaserne (casern) with Klingentaler Kirche (church), Fasnachtsbrunnen (fountain), Feuerschützenhaus (guild house of the riflemen) at Schützenmattstrasse 56, Fischmarktbrunnen (fountain), Geltenzunft at Marktplatz 13, Gymnasium am Kohlenberg (St Leonhard) (school), Hauptpost (main post office), Haus zum Raben at Aeschenvorstadt 15, Hohenfirstenhof at Rittergasse 19, Holsteinerhof at Hebelstrasse 30, <a href="Markgr%C3%A4flerhof" title="Markgräflerhof">Markgräflerhof</a> a former palace of the margraves of <a href="Margraviate_of_Baden" title="Margraviate of Baden">Baden-Durlach</a>, Mittlere Rhein Brücke (Central Rhine Bridge), Stadtcasino (music hall) at Steinenberg 14, Ramsteinerhof at Rittergasse 7 and 9, <a href="Seat_of_local_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Seat of local government">Rathaus</a> (town hall), Rundhof building of the Schweizerischen Mustermesse, Safranzunft at Gerbergasse 11, Sandgrube at Riehenstrasse 154, Schlösschen (Manor house) Gundeldingen, Schönes Haus and Schöner Hof at Nadelberg 6, Wasgenring school house, Seidenhof with painting of Rudolf von Habsburg, Spalenhof at Spalenberg 12, Spiesshof at Heuberg 7, city walls, Townhouse (former post office) at Stadthausgasse 13 / Totengässlein 6, Weisses Haus at Martinsgasse 3, Wildt'sches Haus at Petersplatz 13, Haus zum Neuen Singer at Speiserstrasse 98, Wolfgottesacker at Münchensteinerstrasse 99, Zerkindenhof at Nadelberg 10.

<dl><dt>Archaeological sites</dt>

<dd>The Celtic Settlement at Gasfabrik, Münsterhügel and Altstadt (historical city, late <a href="La_T%C3%A8ne_culture" title="La Tène culture">La Tène</a> and medieval settlement).</dd></dl>

<dl><dt>Museums, archives and collections</dt>

<dd>Basel calls itself the Cultural Capital of Switzerland.<a href="#cite_note-CulTCapital-139">[135]</a></dd></dl>

Among others, there is the Anatomical Museum of the University Basel, Berri-Villen and <a href="Antikenmuseum_Basel_und_Sammlung_Ludwig" title="Antikenmuseum Basel und Sammlung Ludwig">Museum of Ancient Art Basel and Ludwig Collection</a>, Former <a href="Franciscan" class="mw-redirect" title="Franciscan">Franciscan</a> Barefoot Order Church and <a href="Basel_Historical_Museum" title="Basel Historical Museum">Basel Historical Museum</a>, Company Archive of Novartis, Haus zum Kirschgarten which is part of the <a href="Basel_Historical_Museum" title="Basel Historical Museum">Basel Historical Museum</a>, Historic Archive Roche and Industrial Complex Hoffmann-La Roche, Jewish Museum of Switzerland, <a href="Caricature_%26_Cartoon_Museum_Basel" class="mw-redirect" title="Caricature & Cartoon Museum Basel">Caricature & Cartoon Museum Basel</a>, Karl Barth-Archive, Kleines Klingental (Lower Klingen Valley) with Museum Klingental, <a href="Kunstmuseum_Basel" title="Kunstmuseum Basel">Art Museum of Basel</a>, hosting the world's oldest art collection accessible to the public, <a href="Natural_History_Museum_of_Basel" title="Natural History Museum of Basel">Natural History Museum of Basel</a> and the <a href="Museum_of_Cultures_Basel" class="mw-redirect" title="Museum of Cultures Basel">Museum of Cultures Basel</a>, Museum of Modern Art Basel with the E. Hoffmann collection, Museum Jean Tinguely Basel, Music Museum, Pharmacy Historical Museum of the University of Basel, Poster Collection of the School for Design (Schule für Gestaltung), Swiss Business Archives, Sculpture Hall, Sports Museum of Switzerland, Archives of the Canton of Basel-Stadt, <a href="UBS" title="UBS">UBS</a> AG Corporate Archives, University Library with manuscripts and music collection, Zoological Garden (Zoologischer Garten).<a href="#cite_note-Museums-140">[136]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theatre_and_music">Theatre and music</h3></div>

Basel is the home of the <a href="Schola_Cantorum_Basiliensis" title="Schola Cantorum Basiliensis">Schola Cantorum Basiliensis</a>, founded in 1933, a worldwide centre for research on and performance of music from the Medieval through the Baroque eras. <a href="Theater_Basel" title="Theater Basel">Theater Basel</a>, chosen in 1999 as the best stage for German-language performances and in 2009 and 2010 as "Opera house of the year" by German opera magazine <a href="Opernwelt" title="Opernwelt">Opernwelt</a>,<a href="#cite_note-141">[137]</a> presents a busy schedule of plays in addition to being home to the city's opera and ballet companies. Basel is home to the largest orchestra in Switzerland, the <a href="Sinfonieorchester_Basel" title="Sinfonieorchester Basel">Sinfonieorchester Basel</a>. It is also the home of the <a href="Basel_Sinfonietta" title="Basel Sinfonietta">Basel Sinfonietta</a> and the <a href="Kammerorchester_Basel" title="Kammerorchester Basel">Kammerorchester Basel</a>, which recorded the complete symphonies of <a href="Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Ludwig van Beethoven</a> for the <a href="Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a> label, led by its music director <a href="Giovanni_Antonini" title="Giovanni Antonini">Giovanni Antonini</a>. The Schola Cantorum and the Basler Kammerorchester were both founded by the conductor <a href="Paul_Sacher" title="Paul Sacher">Paul Sacher</a>, who went on to commission works by many leading composers. The Paul Sacher Foundation, opened in 1986, houses a major collection of manuscripts, including the entire <a href="Igor_Stravinsky" title="Igor Stravinsky">Igor Stravinsky</a> archive.

The baroque orchestras La Cetra and Capriccio Basel are also based in Basel.

In May 2004, the fifth European Festival of Youth Choirs (Europäisches Jugendchorfestival, or EJCF) opened; this Basel tradition started in 1992. Host of the festival is the local <a href="Basel_Boys_Choir" title="Basel Boys Choir">Basel Boys Choir</a>.

In 1997, Basel contended to become the "<a href="European_Capital_of_Culture" title="European Capital of Culture">European Capital of Culture</a>", though the honor went to <a href="Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a>.

In 2025, Basel hosted the <a href="Eurovision_Song_Contest_2025" title="Eurovision Song Contest 2025">Eurovision Song Contest</a> at <a href="St._Jakobshalle" title="St. Jakobshalle">St. Jakobshalle</a>, becoming the third Swiss city to host the competition after <a href="Lugano" title="Lugano">Lugano</a> in 1956 and <a href="Lausanne" title="Lausanne">Lausanne</a> in 1989.<a href="#cite_note-142">[138]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Museums">Museums</h3></div>

The <a href="Museums_in_Basel" title="Museums in Basel">Basel museums</a> cover a broad and diverse spectrum of <a href="Collection_(museum)" title="Collection (museum)">collections</a> with a marked concentration in the fine arts. They house numerous holdings of international significance. The over three dozen institutions yield an extraordinarily high density of museums compared to other cities of similar size and draw over one million visitors annually.<a href="#cite_note-Museums-140">[136]</a>

Constituting an essential component of Basel culture and cultural policy, the museums are the result of closely interwoven private and public collecting activities and promotion of arts and culture going back to the 16th century. The public museum collection was first created back in 1661 and represents the oldest public collection in continuous existence in Europe. Since the late 1980s, various private collections have been made accessible to the public in new purpose-built structures that have been recognized as acclaimed examples of <a href="Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">avant-garde</a> <a href="Museum_architecture" title="Museum architecture">museum architecture</a>.

<ul><li><a href="Antikenmuseum_Basel_und_Sammlung_Ludwig" title="Antikenmuseum Basel und Sammlung Ludwig">Antikenmuseum Basel und Sammlung Ludwig</a> Ancient cultures of the Mediterranean museum<a href="#cite_note-143">[139]</a></li>

<li><a href="Augusta_Raurica" title="Augusta Raurica">Augusta Raurica</a> Roman open-air museum<a href="#cite_note-144">[140]</a></li>

<li><a href="Basel_Paper_Mill" title="Basel Paper Mill">Basel Paper Mill</a> (German: Basler Papiermühle)<a href="#cite_note-145">[141]</a></li>

<li><a href="Beyeler_Foundation" title="Beyeler Foundation">Beyeler Foundation</a> (Foundation Beyeler)</li>

<li>Botanical Garden Basel<a href="#cite_note-146">[142]</a></li>

<li><a href="Caricature_%26_Cartoon_Museum_Basel" class="mw-redirect" title="Caricature & Cartoon Museum Basel">Caricature & Cartoon Museum Basel</a> (German: Karikatur & Cartoon Museum Basel)<a href="#cite_note-147">[143]</a></li>

<li><a href="Dollhouse_Museum" title="Dollhouse Museum">Dollhouse Museum</a> (German: Puppenhausmuseum)<a href="#cite_note-148">[144]</a> a museum housing the largest teddy bear collection in Europe.</li>

<li>Foundation Fernet Branca (French: Fondation Fernet Branca) in <a href="Saint-Louis%2C_Haut-Rhin" title="Saint-Louis, Haut-Rhin">Saint-Louis, Haut-Rhin</a> near Basel.<a href="#cite_note-149">[145]</a> Modern art collection.</li>

<li><a href="Basel_Historical_Museum" title="Basel Historical Museum">Historical Museum Basel</a> (German: Historisches Museum Basel)<a href="#cite_note-150">[146]</a></li>

<li><a href="Kunsthalle_Basel" title="Kunsthalle Basel">Kunsthalle Basel</a> Modern and contemporary art museum<a href="#cite_note-151">[147]</a></li>

<li><a href="Kunstmuseum_Basel" title="Kunstmuseum Basel">Kunstmuseum Basel</a> <a href="Upper_Rhine" title="Upper Rhine">Upper Rhenish</a> and <a href="Flemish_painting" title="Flemish painting">Flemish paintings</a>, drawings from 1400 to 1600 and 19th- to 21st-century art<a href="#cite_note-152">[148]</a></li>

<li>Monteverdi Automuseum<a href="#cite_note-153">[149]</a></li>

<li><a href="Museum_of_Cultures_Basel" class="mw-redirect" title="Museum of Cultures Basel">Museum of Cultures Basel</a> (German: Museum der Kulturen Basel) Large collections on European and non-European cultural life<a href="#cite_note-154">[150]</a></li>

<li><a href="Museum_of_Contemporary_Art_(Basel)" title="Museum of Contemporary Art (Basel)">Museum of Contemporary Art</a> Art from the 1960s up to the present<a href="#cite_note-155">[151]</a></li>

<li><a href="Music_Museum_(Basel)" title="Music Museum (Basel)">Music Museum</a> (German: Musikmuseum) of the Basel Historic Museum</li>

<li><a href="Natural_History_Museum_of_Basel" title="Natural History Museum of Basel">Natural History Museum of Basel</a> (German: Naturhistorisches Museum Basel)<a href="#cite_note-156">[152]</a></li>

<li><a href="Pharmazie-Historisches_Museum_der_Universit%C3%A4t_Basel" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmazie-Historisches Museum der Universität Basel">Pharmazie-Historisches Museum der Universität Basel</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[153]</a></li>

<li><a href="Schaulager" title="Schaulager">Schaulager</a> Modern and contemporary art museum<a href="#cite_note-158">[154]</a></li>

<li><a href="Swiss_Architecture_Museum" title="Swiss Architecture Museum">Swiss Architecture Museum</a> (German: Schweizerisches Architekturmuseum)<a href="#cite_note-159">[155]</a></li>

<li><a href="Tinguely_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Tinguely Museum">Tinguely Museum</a> Life and work of the major Swiss iron sculptor <a href="Jean_Tinguely" title="Jean Tinguely">Jean Tinguely</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[156]</a></li>

<li><a href="Jewish_Musem_of_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Musem of Switzerland">Jewish Museum of Switzerland</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[157]</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Events">Events</h3></div>

The city of Basel is a centre for numerous fairs and events all year round. One of the most important fairs for contemporary art worldwide is the <a href="Art_Basel" title="Art Basel">Art Basel</a> which was founded in 1970 by Ernst Beyeler and takes place in June each year. <a href="Baselworld" title="Baselworld">Baselworld</a>, the watch and jewellery show (Uhren- und Schmuckmesse) one of the biggest fairs of its kind in Europe is held every year as well, and attracts a great number of tourists and dealers to the city. Live marketing company and fair organizer <a href="MCH_Group" title="MCH Group">MCH Group</a> has its head office in Basel.

The <a href="Carnival" title="Carnival">carnival</a> of the city of Basel (<a href="Carnival_of_Basel" title="Carnival of Basel">Basler Fasnacht</a>) is a major cultural event in the year. The carnival is the biggest in Switzerland and attracts large crowds every year, despite the fact that it starts at exactly four o'clock in the morning (Morgestraich) on a winter Monday. The Fasnacht asserts Basel's Protestant history by commencing the revelry five days after <a href="Ash_Wednesday" title="Ash Wednesday">Ash Wednesday</a> and continuing exactly 72 hours. Almost all study and work in the old city cease. Dozens of fife and drum clubs parade in medieval guild tradition with fantastical masks and illuminated lanterns.

<a href="Basel_Tattoo" title="Basel Tattoo">Basel Tattoo</a>, founded in 2006 by the local <a href="Top_Secret_Drum_Corps" title="Top Secret Drum Corps">Top Secret Drum Corps</a>, has grown to be the world's second largest military tattoo in terms of performers and budget after the <a href="Royal_Edinburgh_Military_Tattoo" title="Royal Edinburgh Military Tattoo">Edinburgh Military Tattoo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-swissinfo-162">[158]</a> The Basel Tattoo annual parade, with an estimated 125,000 visitors, is considered the largest event in Basel. The event is now sponsored by the <a href="Federal_Department_of_Defence%2C_Civil_Protection_and_Sport" title="Federal Department of Defence, Civil Protection and Sport">Swiss Federal Department of Defence, Civil Protection and Sport (DDPS)</a>, making it the official <a href="Military_tattoo" title="Military tattoo">military tattoo</a> of Switzerland.

The city hosted the <a href="Eurovision_Song_Contest_2025" title="Eurovision Song Contest 2025">Eurovision Song Contest 2025</a> at the <a href="St._Jakobshalle" title="St. Jakobshalle">St. Jakobshalle</a> arena.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://eurovision.tv/story/basel-will-host-eurovision-song-contest-2025?fbclid=PAZXh0bgNhZW0CMTEAAaZfEUAWmVmvPxRsaO4wjO6Cc3cE-k_HcKCvbjMXP1OzIVtqiXOGAAMLCt4_aem_m89G9CucLjoWT42R8-xOVQ">[1]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3></div>

There are a number of culinary specialties originating in Basel, including <a href="Basler_L%C3%A4ckerli" title="Basler Läckerli">Basler Läckerli</a> cookies and <a href="M%C3%A4ssmogge" title="Mässmogge">Mässmogge</a> candies. Being located in the meeting place between Switzerland, France and Germany the culinary landscape as a whole is very varied and diverse, making it a city with a great number of restaurants of all sorts.

<a href="Zoo_Basel" title="Zoo Basel">Zoo Basel</a> is, with over 1.7 million visitors per year,<a href="#cite_note-2011_visitors-163">[159]</a> the most visited tourist attraction in Basel and the second most visited tourist attraction in Switzerland.<a href="#cite_note-visitors-164">[160]</a>

Established in 1874, Zoo Basel is the oldest zoo in Switzerland and, by number of animals, the largest. Through its history, Zoo Basel has had several breeding successes, such as the first worldwide <a href="Indian_rhinoceros" title="Indian rhinoceros">Indian rhinoceros</a> birth<a href="#cite_note-Panzernashornhaus-165">[161]</a> and <a href="Greater_flamingo" title="Greater flamingo">Greater flamingo</a> hatch<a href="#cite_note-166">[162]</a> in a zoo. These and other achievements led <a href="Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a> Travel to rank Zoo Basel as one of the fifteen best zoos in the world in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-Forbes-167">[163]</a>

Despite its international fame, Basel's population remains attached to Zoo Basel, which is entirely surrounded by the city of Basel. Evidence of this is the millions of donations money each year, as well as Zoo Basel's unofficial name: locals lovingly call "their" zoo "Zolli" by which is it known throughout Basel and most of Switzerland.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sport">Sport</h3></div>

Amongst its major sports venues, Basel features a large <a href="St._Jakob-Park" title="St. Jakob-Park">football stadium</a> that has been awarded four stars by <a href="UEFA" title="UEFA">UEFA</a>, a modern ice hockey arena, and a sports hall.

The <a href="Association_football" title="Association football">football</a> club <a href="FC_Basel" title="FC Basel">FC Basel</a> is successful and in recognition of this the city was one of the Swiss venues for the <a href="UEFA_Euro_2008" title="UEFA Euro 2008">2008 European Championships</a>, along with <a href="Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a>, <a href="Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Zürich">Zürich</a> and <a href="Bern" title="Bern">Bern</a>. The championships were jointly hosted by Switzerland and <a href="Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>. <a href="BSC_Old_Boys" title="BSC Old Boys">BSC Old Boys</a> and <a href="Concordia_Basel" class="mw-redirect" title="Concordia Basel">Concordia Basel</a> are the other football teams in Basel.

Among the most popular sports in Switzerland is <a href="Ice_hockey" title="Ice hockey">ice hockey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-168">[164]</a> Basel is home to <a href="EHC_Basel" title="EHC Basel">EHC Basel</a>, who play in the <a href="1._Liga_(ice_hockey)" class="mw-redirect" title="1. Liga (ice hockey)">MySports League</a>, the third tier of the Swiss ice hockey league system. They play their home games in the 6,700-seater <a href="St._Jakob_Arena" title="St. Jakob Arena">St. Jakob Arena</a>. The team previously played in the <a href="National_League_(ice_hockey)" title="National League (ice hockey)">National League</a> and the <a href="Swiss_League" title="Swiss League">Swiss League</a>, but filed for bankruptcy after the <a href="2013-14_National_League_B_season" class="mw-redirect" title="2013-14 National League B season">2013–14 Swiss League season</a>.

Basketball has a very small but faithful fan base. The top division, called the <a href="Swiss_Basketball_League" title="Swiss Basketball League">SBL</a>, is a semi-professional league and has one team from the Basel region, the "Birstal Starwings". One player from Switzerland is currently active in the NBA, <a href="Clint_Capela" title="Clint Capela">Clint Capela</a>. As in most European countries, but unlike the U.S., Switzerland has a club-based rather than a school-based competition system.<a href="#cite_note-169">[165]</a> The <a href="Starwings_Basel" title="Starwings Basel">Starwings Basel</a> are the only first division basketball team in <a href="German-speaking_Switzerland" title="German-speaking Switzerland">German-speaking Switzerland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-170">[166]</a>

A large indoor tennis event takes place in Basel every October. Some of the best <a href="Association_of_Tennis_Professionals" title="Association of Tennis Professionals">ATP</a>-professionals play every year at the <a href="Davidoff_Swiss_Indoors" class="mw-redirect" title="Davidoff Swiss Indoors">Swiss Indoors</a>, previously including Switzerland's biggest sporting hero <a href="Roger_Federer" title="Roger Federer">Roger Federer</a>, a Basel native who describes the city as "one of the most beautiful cities in the world".

In July 2022, the women's water polo players of the WSV Basel secured their 11th national championship title.<a href="#cite_note-171">[167]</a>

<a href="Basel_GAA" title="Basel GAA">Basel GAA</a>, a <a href="Gaelic_games" title="Gaelic games">Gaelic games</a> club, is also located in Basel. <a href="Basel_Dragons_AFC" title="Basel Dragons AFC">Basel Dragons AFC</a> have been playing <a href="Australian_rules_football" title="Australian rules football">Australian Football</a> in the <a href="AFL_Switzerland" title="AFL Switzerland">AFL Switzerland</a> league since 2019.

The annual <a href="Basel_Rhine_Swim" title="Basel Rhine Swim">Basel Rhine Swim</a> draws several thousand visitors to the city to swim in or float on the Rhine.<a href="#cite_note-172">[168]</a>

The headquarters of the <a href="International_Handball_Federation" title="International Handball Federation">IHF</a> (International Handball Federation) is located in Basel.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2></div>

Notable people who were born or grew up in Basel:

<ul><li><a href="Gaspard_Bauhin" title="Gaspard Bauhin">Gaspard Bauhin</a> (1560–1624), botanist and anatomist<a href="#cite_note-173">[169]</a></li>

<li><a href="Matth%C3%A4us_Merian_the_Elder" title="Matthäus Merian the Elder">Matthäus Merian the Elder</a> (1593–1650), engraver<a href="#cite_note-174">[170]</a></li>

<li><a href="Johannes_Buxtorf_II" title="Johannes Buxtorf II">Johannes Buxtorf II</a> (1599–1664), Protestant <a href="Christian_Hebraist" title="Christian Hebraist">Christian Hebraist</a><a href="#cite_note-175">[171]</a></li>

<li><a href="Johannes_Jakob_Buxtorf" title="Johannes Jakob Buxtorf">Johannes Jakob Buxtorf</a> (1645–1705), professor of Hebrew</li>

<li><a href="Jacob_Bernoulli" title="Jacob Bernoulli">Jacob Bernoulli</a> (1654–1705), mathematician<a href="#cite_note-176">[172]</a></li>

<li><a href="Johann_Bernoulli" title="Johann Bernoulli">Johann Bernoulli</a> (1667–1748), mathematician<a href="#cite_note-177">[173]</a></li>

<li><a href="Johann_Jakob_Wettstein" title="Johann Jakob Wettstein">Johann Jakob Wettstein</a> (1693–1754), theologian and <a href="New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> critic<a href="#cite_note-178">[174]</a></li>

<li><a href="Daniel_Bernoulli" title="Daniel Bernoulli">Daniel Bernoulli</a> (1700–1782), mathematician and physicist, best known for his work in fluid dynamics, see <a href="Bernoulli's_principle" title="Bernoulli's principle">Bernoulli's principle</a></li>

<li><a href="Maximilian_Ulysses_Browne" title="Maximilian Ulysses Browne">Maximilian Ulysses Browne</a> (1705–1757), Austrian field marshal<a href="#cite_note-179">[175]</a></li>

<li><a href="Leonhard_Euler" title="Leonhard Euler">Leonhard Euler</a> (1707–1783), mathematician, physicist and astronomer<a href="#cite_note-180">[176]</a></li>

<li><a href="Johann_Peter_Hebel" title="Johann Peter Hebel">Johann Peter Hebel</a> (1760–1826), German short story writer, poet and Lutheran theologian<a href="#cite_note-181">[177]</a></li>

<li><a href="Johann_Jakob_Herzog" title="Johann Jakob Herzog">Johann Jakob Herzog</a> (1805–1882), Swiss-German Protestant theologian<a href="#cite_note-182">[178]</a></li>

<li><a href="Jacob_Burckhardt" title="Jacob Burckhardt">Jacob Burckhardt</a> (1818–1897), historian of art and culture<a href="#cite_note-183">[179]</a></li>

<li><a href="Arnold_B%C3%B6cklin" title="Arnold Böcklin">Arnold Böcklin</a> (1827–1901), symbolist painter<a href="#cite_note-184">[180]</a></li>

<li><a href="Friedrich_Miescher" title="Friedrich Miescher">Friedrich Miescher</a> (1844–1895), physician and biologist, the first scientist to isolate nucleic acid</li>

<li><a href="Rudolf_G._Binding" title="Rudolf G. Binding">Rudolf G. Binding</a> (1867-1938), German writer</li>

<li><a href="Karl_Barth" title="Karl Barth">Karl Barth</a> (1886–1968), Swiss Reformed theologian, best known for his involvement with the <a href="Confessing_Church" title="Confessing Church">Confessing Church</a> and Christian resistance to Hitler</li>

<li><a href="Richard_J._Baer" title="Richard J. Baer">Richard J. Baer</a> (1892–1940), physicist</li>

<li><a href="V%C3%A9ronique_Filozof" title="Véronique Filozof">Véronique Filozof</a> (1904–1977), painter<a href="#cite_note-185">[181]</a></li>

<li><a href="Clara_Thalmann" title="Clara Thalmann">Clara Thalmann</a> (1908–1987), journalist, athlete, and militiawoman</li>

<li><a href="Harry_Goldschmidt" title="Harry Goldschmidt">Harry Goldschmidt</a> (1910–1986), musicologist</li>

<li><a href="Rudy_Burckhardt" title="Rudy Burckhardt">Rudy Burckhardt</a> (1914–1999), American filmmaker and photographer</li>

<li><a href="Avraham_Yaakov_Finkel" title="Avraham Yaakov Finkel">Avraham Yaakov Finkel</a> (1926–2016), author</li>

<li><a href="Arthur_Cohn" title="Arthur Cohn">Arthur Cohn</a> (born 1927), film producer and multiple Academy Award winner</li>

<li><a href="Marion_Wiesel" title="Marion Wiesel">Marion Wiesel</a> (born Mary Renate Erster; 1931–2025), Austrian-American <a href="Holocaust_survivor" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust survivor">Holocaust survivor</a>, humanitarian, and translator</li>

<li><a href="Christa_de_Carouge" title="Christa de Carouge">Christa de Carouge</a> (1936–2018), fashion designer</li>

<li><a href="Peter_Zumthor" title="Peter Zumthor">Peter Zumthor</a> (born 1943), architect</li>

<li><a href="Margrith_von_Felten" title="Margrith von Felten">Margrith von Felten</a> (born 1944), politician and lawyer</li>

<li><a href="Heidi_K%C3%B6pfer" title="Heidi Köpfer">Heidi Köpfer</a> (born 1954), choreographer, dancer and video artist</li>

<li><a href="Carlo_Strenger" title="Carlo Strenger">Carlo Strenger</a> (1958–2019), Swiss-Israeli psychologist, philosopher, existential psychoanalyst, and public intellectual</li>

<li><a href="Christina_Surer" title="Christina Surer">Christina Surer</a> (born 1974), racing driver</li>

<li><a href="DJ_Antoine" title="DJ Antoine">Antoine Konrad</a> (born 1975), DJ and record producer, known as <a href="DJ_Antoine" title="DJ Antoine">DJ Antoine</a></li>

<li><a href="Martina_Gm%C3%BCr" title="Martina Gmür">Martina Gmür</a> (born 1979), visual artist<a href="#cite_note-186">[182]</a></li>

<li><a href="Roger_Federer" title="Roger Federer">Roger Federer</a> (born 1981), professional tennis player</li>

<li><a href="Granit_Xhaka" title="Granit Xhaka">Granit Xhaka</a> (born 1992), professional footballer with 100 caps with <a href="Switzerland_national_football_team" title="Switzerland national football team">Switzerland</a></li>

<li><a href="Fina_Girard" title="Fina Girard">Fina Girard</a> (born 2001), politician and youth climate activist<a href="#cite_note-187">[183]</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Picture_gallery">Picture gallery</h2></div>

<div class="gallerytext">St. Alban Gate</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Basel_Town_Hall" title="Basel Town Hall">Rathaus</a>, Basel's Town Hall</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Protestant Cathedral</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext"><a href="University_of_Basel" title="University of Basel">University of Basel</a> (est. in 1460) and Martinskirche</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Gemsberg</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Barfüsserplatz</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Münsterplatz</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Wettsteinbrücke</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Global seat of the Bank for International Settlements</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Haus zum Kirschgarten</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Spalentor</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">People swimming in the Rhine</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Freie_Strasse" title="Freie Strasse">Freie Strasse</a></div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Helvetia" title="Helvetia">Helvetia</a> statue </div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Townhouses (early 21st century)</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Urban mansion (early 20th century)</div>

</li>

</ul>

<ul><li><a href="Tourism_in_Switzerland" title="Tourism in Switzerland">Tourism in Switzerland</a></li>

<li><a href="Rhine_knee" title="Rhine knee">Rhine knee</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3></div>

<li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <a href="French_language" title="French language">French</a>: Bâle [bɑl]; <a href="Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: Basilea [baziˈlɛːa]; <a href="Sutsilvan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sutsilvan">Sutsilvan</a>: Basileia; <a href="Romansh_language" title="Romansh language">Romansh</a>: Basilea [baziˈleːɐ] <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/3\/30\/Roh-Basilea.ogg\/Roh-Basilea.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Roh-Basilea.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/30/Roh-Basilea.ogg/Roh-Basilea.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a>ⓘ.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> The official language in all municipalities in German-speaking Switzerland is German, where 'German' is used as an umbrella term for all varieties of German. By law, one may communicate with the authorities using any variant of German, in written or oral form. However, the authorities will always use <a href="Swiss_Standard_German" title="Swiss Standard German">Swiss Standard German</a> (the Swiss variety of <a href="Standard_German" title="Standard German">Standard German</a>) in documents and writing. Orally, they would use either Hochdeutsch (i.e., Swiss Standard German or what the particular speaker considers High German), or a dialectal variant depending on the speaker's origin.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> Since <a href="Eva_Herzog" title="Eva Herzog">Eva Herzog</a> also got elected as a State Councillor, she got replaced by Mustafa Atici of the same party.

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="References">References</h3></div>

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</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Timeline_of_Basel#Bibliography" title="Timeline of Basel">Bibliography of the history of Basel</a></div>

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<ul><li>Basel (City) in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/d/D7478.php">German</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/f/F7478.php">French</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/i/I7478.php">Italian</a> in the online <a href="Historical_Dictionary_of_Switzerland" title="Historical Dictionary of Switzerland">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a>.</li>

<li><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924105917/http://www.statistik.bs.ch/haeufig-gefragt/basel-kompakt.html">"Willkommen in der Basler Zahlenwelt"</a>, Statistisches Amt (official site) (in German), Statistisches Amt, Präsidialdepartement des Kantons Basel-Stadt, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statistik.bs.ch/haeufig-gefragt/basel-kompakt.html">the original</a> on 24 September 2015, retrieved 2 September 2015</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFGossman2000" class="citation cs2">Gossman, Lionel (2000), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080616101524/http://www.press.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/hfs.cgi/00/13917.ctl">Basel in the Age of Burckhardt: A Study in Unseasonable Ideas</a>, Chicago, US: University of Chicago Press, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-226-30498-1</bdi>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.press.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/hfs.cgi/00/13917.ctl">the original</a> on 16 June 2008, retrieved 2 September 2015</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFGossman1983" class="citation cs2">Gossman, Lionel (1983), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dianepub.wordpress.com/2010/06/30/lionel-gossman-orpheus-philologus-bachofen-versus-mommsen-on-the-study-of-antiquity-american-philosophical-society-transactions-73-5-isbn-142237467x/">Orpheus Philologus: Bachofen versus Mommsen on the Study of Antiquity</a>, American Philosophical Society, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>1-4223-7467-X</bdi>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150926112010/https://dianepub.wordpress.com/2010/06/30/lionel-gossman-orpheus-philologus-bachofen-versus-mommsen-on-the-study-of-antiquity-american-philosophical-society-transactions-73-5-isbn-142237467x/">archived</a> from the original on 26 September 2015, retrieved 2 September 2015 – via Wordpress</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFKearneyBrodhageZieglerWarhol2005" class="citation cs2">Kearney, Shirley; Brodhage, Klaus; Ziegler, Cornelia; Warhol, Andy, eds. (2005), Basel: A Cultural Experience, Basel, Switzerland: Spalentor Verlag, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-3-908142-23-2</bdi></cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFWood2006" class="citation cs2">Wood, Susan (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UuqnVeycpNsC&pg=PA314">The Proprietary Church in the Medieval West</a>, Oxford University Press, p. 314, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0198206976</bdi></cite></li></ul>

</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Basel" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Basel">Basel</a>.</div></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Basel#Q78" class="extiw external" title="wikivoyage:Basel">Basel</a>.</div></div>

</div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bs.ch/en.html">Official website</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.basel.com/">Official tourism site</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080505033615/http://www.museenbasel.ch/en/index.php">Overview of museums in Basel or basel museums</a> (archived 5 May 2008)</li></ul>

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</style><div id="Cities_in_Switzerland_by_population86" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="City" title="City">Cities</a> in <a href="Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> by population</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">300,000+</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Zurich" title="Zurich">Zurich</a></li></ul>

</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">200,000+</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">100,000+</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul>

<li><a href="Lausanne" title="Lausanne">Lausanne</a></li>

<li><a href="Winterthur" title="Winterthur">Winterthur</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">30,000+</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Biel/Bienne" title="Biel/Bienne">Bienne</a></li>

<li><a href="Fribourg" title="Fribourg">Fribourg</a></li>

<li><a href="K%C3%B6niz" title="Köniz">Köniz</a></li>

<li><a href="La_Chaux-de-Fonds" title="La Chaux-de-Fonds">La Chaux-de-Fonds</a></li>

<li><a href="Lucerne" title="Lucerne">Lucerne</a></li>

<li><a href="Lugano" title="Lugano">Lugano</a></li>

<li><a href="Neuch%C3%A2tel" title="Neuchâtel">Neuchâtel</a></li>

<li><a href="St._Gallen" title="St. Gallen">St. Gallen</a></li>

<li><a href="Schaffhausen" title="Schaffhausen">Schaffhausen</a></li>

<li><a href="Uster" title="Uster">Uster</a></li>

<li><a href="Vernier%2C_Switzerland" title="Vernier, Switzerland">Vernier</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">15,000+</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Aarau" title="Aarau">Aarau</a></li>

<li><a href="Adliswil" title="Adliswil">Adliswil</a></li>

<li><a href="Allschwil" title="Allschwil">Allschwil</a></li>

<li><a href="Baden%2C_Switzerland" title="Baden, Switzerland">Baden</a></li>

<li><a href="Bellinzona" title="Bellinzona">Bellinzona</a></li>

<li><a href="Burgdorf%2C_Switzerland" title="Burgdorf, Switzerland">Burgdorf</a></li>

<li><a href="Carouge" title="Carouge">Carouge</a></li>

<li><a href="Dietikon" title="Dietikon">Dietikon</a></li>

<li><a href="Emmen%2C_Switzerland" title="Emmen, Switzerland">Emmen</a></li>

<li><a href="Frauenfeld" title="Frauenfeld">Frauenfeld</a></li>

<li><a href="Gossau%2C_St._Gallen" title="Gossau, St. Gallen">Gossau</a></li>

<li><a href="Grenchen" title="Grenchen">Grenchen</a></li>

<li><a href="Herisau" title="Herisau">Herisau</a></li>

<li><a href="Horgen" title="Horgen">Horgen</a></li>

<li><a href="Kloten" title="Kloten">Kloten</a></li>

<li><a href="Kreuzlingen" title="Kreuzlingen">Kreuzlingen</a></li>

<li><a href="Kriens" title="Kriens">Kriens</a></li>

<li><a href="Lancy" title="Lancy">Lancy</a></li>

<li><a href="Littau" title="Littau">Littau</a></li>

<li><a href="Locarno" title="Locarno">Locarno</a></li>

<li><a href="Meyrin" title="Meyrin">Meyrin</a></li>

<li><a href="Monthey" title="Monthey">Monthey</a></li>

<li><a href="Montreux" title="Montreux">Montreux</a></li>

<li><a href="Muttenz" title="Muttenz">Muttenz</a></li>

<li><a href="Olten" title="Olten">Olten</a></li>

<li><a href="Ostermundigen" title="Ostermundigen">Ostermundigen</a></li>

<li><a href="Pratteln" title="Pratteln">Pratteln</a></li>

<li><a href="Rapperswil-Jona" title="Rapperswil-Jona">Rapperswil-Jona</a></li>

<li><a href="Regensdorf" title="Regensdorf">Regensdorf</a></li>

<li><a href="Renens" title="Renens">Renens</a></li>

<li><a href="Schwyz" title="Schwyz">Schwyz</a></li>

<li><a href="Sierre" title="Sierre">Sierre</a></li>

<li><a href="Solothurn" title="Solothurn">Solothurn</a></li>

<li><a href="Spiez" title="Spiez">Spiez</a></li>

<li><a href="Steffisburg" title="Steffisburg">Steffisburg</a></li>

<li><a href="Thalwil" title="Thalwil">Thalwil</a></li>

<li><a href="Vevey" title="Vevey">Vevey</a></li>

<li><a href="Volketswil" title="Volketswil">Volketswil</a></li>

<li><a href="W%C3%A4denswil" title="Wädenswil">Wädenswil</a></li>

<li><a href="Wettingen" title="Wettingen">Wettingen</a></li>

<li><a href="Wetzikon" title="Wetzikon">Wetzikon</a></li>

<li><a href="Yverdon-les-Bains" title="Yverdon-les-Bains">Yverdon-les-Bains</a></li>

<li><a href="Zollikon" title="Zollikon">Zollikon</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cantons_and_capitals_of_Switzerland_Three_CantonsEight_CantonsThirteen_CantonsFlags_and_coats_of_arms534" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks plainlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Cantons_and_capitals_of_Switzerland_Three_CantonsEight_CantonsThirteen_CantonsFlags_and_coats_of_arms534" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Cantons_of_Switzerland" title="Cantons of Switzerland">Cantons and capitals of Switzerland</a> <div class="hlist"><ul><li> <a href="Waldst%C3%A4tte" title="Waldstätte">Three Cantons</a></li><li><a href="Eight_Cantons" class="mw-redirect" title="Eight Cantons">Eight Cantons</a></li><li><a href="Thirteen_Cantons" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirteen Cantons">Thirteen Cantons</a></li><li><a href="Flags_and_arms_of_cantons_of_Switzerland" title="Flags and arms of cantons of Switzerland">Flags and coats of arms</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Present-day cantons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Aargau" title="Aargau">Aargau (AG)</a></li>

<li><a href="Appenzell_Ausserrhoden" title="Appenzell Ausserrhoden">Appenzell Ausserrhoden (AR)</a></li>

<li><a href="Appenzell_Innerrhoden" title="Appenzell Innerrhoden">Appenzell Innerrhoden (AI)</a></li>

<li><a href="Basel-Landschaft" title="Basel-Landschaft">Basel-Landschaft (BL)</a></li>

<li><a href="Basel-Stadt" title="Basel-Stadt">Basel-Stadt (BS)</a></li>

<li><a href="Canton_of_Fribourg" title="Canton of Fribourg">Fribourg (FR)</a></li>

<li><a href="Canton_of_Geneva" title="Canton of Geneva">Geneva (GE)</a></li>

<li><a href="Canton_of_Glarus" title="Canton of Glarus">Glarus (GL)</a></li>

<li><a href="Grisons" title="Grisons">Grisons (GR)</a></li>

<li><a href="Canton_of_Lucerne" title="Canton of Lucerne">Lucerne (LU)</a></li>

<li><a href="Canton_of_Neuch%C3%A2tel" title="Canton of Neuchâtel">Neuchâtel (NE)</a></li>

<li><a href="Nidwalden" title="Nidwalden">Nidwalden (NW)</a></li>

<li><a href="Obwalden" title="Obwalden">Obwalden (OW)</a></li>

<li><a href="Canton_of_Schaffhausen" title="Canton of Schaffhausen">Schaffhausen (SH)</a></li>

<li><a href="Canton_of_Schwyz" title="Canton of Schwyz">Schwyz (SZ)</a></li>

<li><a href="Canton_of_Solothurn" title="Canton of Solothurn">Solothurn (SO)</a></li>

<li><a href="Canton_of_St._Gallen" title="Canton of St. Gallen">St. Gallen (SG)</a></li>

<li><a href="Thurgau" title="Thurgau">Thurgau (TG)</a></li>

<li><a href="Ticino" title="Ticino">Ticino (TI)</a></li>

<li><a href="Valais" title="Valais">Valais (VS)</a></li>

<li><a href="Canton_of_Zurich" title="Canton of Zurich">Zürich (ZH)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Capitals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Aarau" title="Aarau">Aarau (AG)</a></li>

<li><a href="Altdorf%2C_Uri" title="Altdorf, Uri">Altdorf (UR)</a></li>

<li><a href="Appenzell_(village)" title="Appenzell (village)">Appenzell (AI)</a></li>

<li><a href="Bellinzona" title="Bellinzona">Bellinzona (TI)</a></li>

<li><a href="Del%C3%A9mont" title="Delémont">Delémont (JU)</a></li>

<li><a href="Frauenfeld" title="Frauenfeld">Frauenfeld (TG)</a></li>

<li><a href="Fribourg" title="Fribourg">Fribourg (FR)</a></li>

<li><a href="Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva (GE)</a></li>

<li><a href="Glarus" title="Glarus">Glarus (GL)</a></li>

<li><a href="Herisau" title="Herisau">Herisau (AR)</a></li>

<li><a href="Lausanne" title="Lausanne">Lausanne (VD)</a></li>

<li><a href="Liestal" title="Liestal">Liestal (BL)</a></li>

<li><a href="Lucerne" title="Lucerne">Lucerne (LU)</a></li>

<li><a href="Neuch%C3%A2tel" title="Neuchâtel">Neuchâtel (NE)</a></li>

<li><a href="Sarnen" title="Sarnen">Sarnen (OW)</a></li>

<li><a href="Schaffhausen" title="Schaffhausen">Schaffhausen (SH)</a></li>

<li><a href="Schwyz" title="Schwyz">Schwyz (SZ)</a></li>

<li><a href="Solothurn" title="Solothurn">Solothurn (SO)</a></li>

<li><a href="Stans" title="Stans">Stans (NW)</a></li>

<li><a href="St._Gallen" title="St. Gallen">St. Gallen (SG)</a></li>

<li><a href="Zurich" title="Zurich">Zurich (ZH)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical cantons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Canton_of_Unterwalden" class="mw-redirect" title="Canton of Unterwalden">Unterwalden</a></li>

<li><a href="Canton_of_Appenzell" class="mw-redirect" title="Canton of Appenzell">Appenzell</a></li>

<li><a href="Canton_of_Basel" title="Canton of Basel">Basel</a></li>

<li><a href="Outer_Schwyz" title="Outer Schwyz">Outer Schwyz</a></li></ul>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Helvetic_Republic_(1798–1803)35" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Helvetic_Republic" title="Helvetic Republic">Helvetic Republic</a> (1798–1803)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Canton_of_Baden" title="Canton of Baden">Baden</a></li>

<li><a href="Canton_of_Bellinzona" title="Canton of Bellinzona">Bellinzona</a></li>

<li><a href="Canton_of_Fricktal" title="Canton of Fricktal">Fricktal</a></li>

<li><a href="Canton_of_L%C3%A9man" title="Canton of Léman">Léman</a></li>

<li><a href="Canton_of_Linth" title="Canton of Linth">Linth</a></li>

<li><a href="Canton_of_Lugano" title="Canton of Lugano">Lugano</a></li>

<li><a href="Canton_of_Oberland" title="Canton of Oberland">Oberland</a></li>

<li><a href="Canton_of_Raetia" title="Canton of Raetia">Raetia</a></li>

<li><a href="Canton_of_S%C3%A4ntis" title="Canton of Säntis">Säntis</a></li>

<li><a href="Canton_of_Waldst%C3%A4tten" title="Canton of Waldstätten">Waldstätten</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists by topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_cantonal_legislatures_of_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cantonal legislatures of Switzerland">Legislatures</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_cantonal_executives_of_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cantonal executives of Switzerland">Executives</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Swiss_cantons_by_GRP" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Swiss cantons by GRP">By gross regional product (GRP)</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Swiss_cantons_by_elevation" title="List of Swiss cantons by elevation">By elevation</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Capitals_of_Europe929" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Capitals_of_Europe929" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capitals</a> of Europe</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Capitals of <a href="Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">dependent territories</a> and <a href="List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">states whose sovereignty is disputed</a> shown in italics.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>, Netherlands1</li>

<li><a href="Andorra_la_Vella" title="Andorra la Vella">Andorra la Vella</a>, Andorra</li>

<li><a href="Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a>, Turkey2</li>

<li><a href="Astana" title="Astana">Astana</a>, Kazakhstan2</li>

<li><a href="Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>, Greece</li>

<li><a href="Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a>, Azerbaijan2</li>

<li><a href="Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a>, Serbia</li>

<li><a href="Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, Germany</li>

<li><a href="Bern" title="Bern">Bern</a>, Switzerland</li>

<li><a href="Bratislava" title="Bratislava">Bratislava</a>, Slovakia</li>

<li><a href="Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>, Belgium3</li>

<li><a href="Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a>, Romania</li>

<li><a href="Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a>, Hungary</li>

<li><a href="Chi%C8%99in%C4%83u" title="Chișinău">Chișinău</a>, Moldova</li>

<li><a href="Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a>, Denmark</li>

<li><a href="Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>, Ireland</li>

<li><a href="Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a>, Finland</li>

<li><a href="Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a>, Ukraine</li>

<li><a href="Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a>, Portugal</li>

<li><a href="Ljubljana" title="Ljubljana">Ljubljana</a>, Slovenia</li>

<li><a href="London" title="London">London</a>, United Kingdom</li>

<li><a href="Luxembourg_City" title="Luxembourg City">Luxembourg</a>, Luxembourg</li>

<li><a href="Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>, Spain</li>

<li><a href="Minsk" title="Minsk">Minsk</a>, Belarus</li>

<li><a href="Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a>5</li>

<li><a href="Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, Russia</li>

<li><a href="Nicosia" title="Nicosia">Nicosia</a>, Cyprus2</li>

<li><a href="Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a>, Norway</li>

<li><a href="Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, France</li>

<li><a href="Podgorica" title="Podgorica">Podgorica</a>, Montenegro</li>

<li><a href="Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a>, Czech Republic</li>

<li><a href="Reykjav%C3%ADk" title="Reykjavík">Reykjavík</a>, Iceland</li>

<li><a href="Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a>, Latvia</li>

<li><a href="Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, Italy</li>

<li><a href="City_of_San_Marino" title="City of San Marino">San Marino</a>, San Marino</li>

<li><a href="Sarajevo" title="Sarajevo">Sarajevo</a>, Bosnia and Herzegovina</li>

<li><a href="Skopje" title="Skopje">Skopje</a>, North Macedonia</li>

<li><a href="Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a>, Bulgaria</li>

<li><a href="Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a>, Sweden</li>

<li><a href="Tallinn" title="Tallinn">Tallinn</a>, Estonia</li>

<li><a href="Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a>, Georgia2</li>

<li><a href="Tirana" title="Tirana">Tirana</a>, Albania</li>

<li><a href="Vaduz" title="Vaduz">Vaduz</a>, Liechtenstein</li>

<li><a href="Valletta" title="Valletta">Valletta</a>, Malta</li>

<li><a href="Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a>4</li>

<li><a href="Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, Austria</li>

<li><a href="Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Vilnius</a>, Lithuania</li>

<li><a href="Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a>, Poland</li>

<li><a href="Yerevan" title="Yerevan">Yerevan</a>, Armenia2</li>

<li><a href="Zagreb" title="Zagreb">Zagreb</a>, Croatia</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="North_Nicosia" title="North Nicosia">North Nicosia</a>, Northern Cyprus2</li>

<li><a href="Pristina" title="Pristina">Pristina</a>, Kosovo</li>

<li><a href="Sokhumi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sokhumi">Sokhumi</a>, Abkhazia2</li>

<li><a href="Tiraspol" title="Tiraspol">Tiraspol</a>, Transnistria</li>

<li><a href="Tskhinvali" title="Tskhinvali">Tskhinvali</a>, South Ossetia2</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">Constituent countries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="London" title="London">London</a>, England</li>

<li><a href="Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>, Scotland</li>

<li><a href="Cardiff" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</a>, Wales</li>

<li><a href="Belfast" title="Belfast">Belfast</a>, Northern Ireland</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a> and <a href="British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">Overseas Territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Douglas%2C_Isle_of_Man" title="Douglas, Isle of Man">Douglas</a>, Isle of Man</li>

<li><a href="Episkopi_Cantonment" title="Episkopi Cantonment">Episkopi Cantonment</a>, Akrotiri and Dhekelia</li>

<li><a href="Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a>, Gibraltar</li>

<li><a href="St_Helier" title="St Helier">St Helier</a>, Jersey</li>

<li><a href="Saint_Peter_Port" title="Saint Peter Port">Saint Peter Port</a>, Guernsey</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Longyearbyen" title="Longyearbyen">Longyearbyen</a>, Svalbard (Norway)</li>

<li><a href="T%C3%B3rshavn" title="Tórshavn">Tórshavn</a>, Faroe Islands (Denmark)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Federal states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Provinces_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Provinces of Austria">Austria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bregenz" title="Bregenz">Bregenz</a>, Vorarlberg</li>

<li><a href="Eisenstadt" title="Eisenstadt">Eisenstadt</a>, Burgenland</li>

<li><a href="Graz" title="Graz">Graz</a>, Styria</li>

<li><a href="Innsbruck" title="Innsbruck">Innsbruck</a>, Tyrol</li>

<li><a href="Klagenfurt" class="mw-redirect" title="Klagenfurt">Klagenfurt</a>, Carinthia</li>

<li><a href="Linz" title="Linz">Linz</a>, Upper Austria</li>

<li><a href="Salzburg" title="Salzburg">Salzburg</a>, Salzburg</li>

<li><a href="Sankt_P%C3%B6lten" title="Sankt Pölten">Sankt Pölten</a>, Lower Austria</li>

<li><a href="Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, Vienna</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Communities%2C_regions_and_language_areas_of_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Communities, regions and language areas of Belgium">Communities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="City_of_Brussels" title="City of Brussels">Brussels</a>, Flemish Community and French Community</li>

<li><a href="Eupen" title="Eupen">Eupen</a>, German-speaking Community</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Communities%2C_regions_and_language_areas_of_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Communities, regions and language areas of Belgium">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="City_of_Brussels" title="City of Brussels">Brussels</a>, Brussels-Capital Region and Flanders</li>

<li><a href="Namur" title="Namur">Namur</a>, Wallonia</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Political_divisions_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Political divisions of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Banja_Luka" title="Banja Luka">Banja Luka</a> (de facto), Republika Srpska</li>

<li><a href="Br%C4%8Dko" title="Brčko">Brčko</a>, Brčko District</li>

<li><a href="Sarajevo" title="Sarajevo">Sarajevo</a>, Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">Germany</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, Berlin</li>

<li><a href="Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a>, Bremen</li>

<li><a href="Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a>, Saxony</li>

<li><a href="D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a>, North Rhine-Westphalia</li>

<li><a href="Erfurt" title="Erfurt">Erfurt</a>, Thuringia</li>

<li><a href="Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>, Hamburg</li>

<li><a href="Hanover" title="Hanover">Hanover</a>, Lower Saxony</li>

<li><a href="Kiel" title="Kiel">Kiel</a>, Schleswig-Holstein</li>

<li><a href="Magdeburg" title="Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a>, Saxony-Anhalt</li>

<li><a href="Mainz" title="Mainz">Mainz</a>, Rhineland-Palatinate</li>

<li><a href="Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>, Bavaria</li>

<li><a href="Potsdam" title="Potsdam">Potsdam</a>, Brandenburg</li>

<li><a href="Saarbr%C3%BCcken" title="Saarbrücken">Saarbrücken</a>, Saarland</li>

<li><a href="Schwerin" title="Schwerin">Schwerin</a>, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern</li>

<li><a href="Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a>, Baden-Württemberg</li>

<li><a href="Wiesbaden" title="Wiesbaden">Wiesbaden</a>, Hesse</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Federal_subjects_of_Russia" title="Federal subjects of Russia">Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Republics_of_Russia" title="Republics of Russia">Republics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cheboksary" title="Cheboksary">Cheboksary</a>, Chuvashia</li>

<li><a href="Cherkessk" title="Cherkessk">Cherkessk</a>, Karachay-Cherkessia</li>

<li><a href="Elista" title="Elista">Elista</a>, Kalmykia</li>

<li><a href="Grozny" title="Grozny">Grozny</a>, Chechnya</li>

<li><a href="Izhevsk" title="Izhevsk">Izhevsk</a>, Udmurtia</li>

<li><a href="Kazan" title="Kazan">Kazan</a>, Tatarstan</li>

<li><a href="Magas%2C_Russia" title="Magas, Russia">Magas</a>, Ingushetia</li>

<li><a href="Makhachkala" title="Makhachkala">Makhachkala</a>, Dagestan</li>

<li><a href="Maykop" title="Maykop">Maykop</a>, Adygea</li>

<li><a href="Nalchik" title="Nalchik">Nalchik</a>, Kabardino-Balkaria</li>

<li><a href="Petrozavodsk" title="Petrozavodsk">Petrozavodsk</a>, Karelia</li>

<li><a href="Saransk" title="Saransk">Saransk</a>, Mordovia</li>

<li><a href="Simferopol" title="Simferopol">Simferopol</a>, Crimea (<a href="Political_status_of_Crimea" title="Political status of Crimea">disputed</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Syktyvkar" title="Syktyvkar">Syktyvkar</a>, Komi</li>

<li><a href="Ufa" title="Ufa">Ufa</a>, Bashkortostan</li>

<li><a href="Vladikavkaz" title="Vladikavkaz">Vladikavkaz</a>, North Ossetia–Alania</li>

<li><a href="Yoshkar-Ola" title="Yoshkar-Ola">Yoshkar-Ola</a>, Mari El</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Autonomous_okrugs_of_Russia" title="Autonomous okrugs of Russia">Autonomous okrugs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Naryan-Mar" title="Naryan-Mar">Naryan-Mar</a>, Nenets</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Krais_of_Russia" title="Krais of Russia">Krais</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Krasnodar" title="Krasnodar">Krasnodar</a>, Krasnodar Krai</li>

<li><a href="Stavropol" title="Stavropol">Stavropol</a>, Stavropol Krai</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Oblasts_of_Russia" title="Oblasts of Russia">Oblasts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Arkhangelsk" title="Arkhangelsk">Arkhangelsk</a>, Arkhangelsk Oblast</li>

<li><a href="Astrakhan" title="Astrakhan">Astrakhan</a>, Astrakhan Oblast</li>

<li><a href="Belgorod" title="Belgorod">Belgorod</a>, Belgorod Oblast</li>

<li><a href="Bryansk" title="Bryansk">Bryansk</a>, Bryansk Oblast</li>

<li><a href="Ivanovo" title="Ivanovo">Ivanovo</a>, Ivanovo Oblast</li>

<li><a href="Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad">Kaliningrad</a>, Kaliningrad Oblast</li>

<li><a href="Kaluga" title="Kaluga">Kaluga</a>, Kaluga Oblast</li>

<li><a href="Kirov%2C_Kirov_Oblast" title="Kirov, Kirov Oblast">Kirov</a>, Kirov Oblast</li>

<li><a href="Kostroma" title="Kostroma">Kostroma</a>, Kostroma Oblast</li>

<li><a href="Krasnogorsk%2C_Moscow_Oblast" title="Krasnogorsk, Moscow Oblast">Krasnogorsk</a> and <a href="Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, Moscow Oblast (de facto)</li>

<li><a href="Kursk" title="Kursk">Kursk</a>, Kursk Oblast</li>

<li><a href="Lipetsk" title="Lipetsk">Lipetsk</a>, Lipetsk Oblast</li>

<li><a href="Murmansk" title="Murmansk">Murmansk</a>, Murmansk Oblast</li>

<li><a href="Nizhny_Novgorod" title="Nizhny Novgorod">Nizhny Novgorod</a>, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast</li>

<li><a href="Orenburg" title="Orenburg">Orenburg</a>, Orenburg Oblast</li>

<li><a href="Oryol" title="Oryol">Oryol</a>, Oryol Oblast</li>

<li><a href="Penza" title="Penza">Penza</a>, Penza Oblast</li>

<li><a href="Pskov" title="Pskov">Pskov</a>, Pskov Oblast</li>

<li><a href="Rostov-on-Don" title="Rostov-on-Don">Rostov-on-Don</a>, Rostov Oblast</li>

<li><a href="Ryazan" title="Ryazan">Ryazan</a>, Ryazan Oblast</li>

<li><a href="Gatchina" title="Gatchina">Gatchina</a>, Leningrad Oblast</li>

<li><a href="Samara" title="Samara">Samara</a>, Samara Oblast</li>

<li><a href="Saratov" title="Saratov">Saratov</a>, Saratov Oblast</li>

<li><a href="Smolensk" title="Smolensk">Smolensk</a>, Smolensk Oblast</li>

<li><a href="Tambov" title="Tambov">Tambov</a>, Tambov Oblast</li>

<li><a href="Tula%2C_Russia" title="Tula, Russia">Tula</a>, Tula Oblast</li>

<li><a href="Tver" title="Tver">Tver</a>, Tver Oblast</li>

<li><a href="Ulyanovsk" title="Ulyanovsk">Ulyanovsk</a>, Ulyanovsk Oblast</li>

<li><a href="Veliky_Novgorod" title="Veliky Novgorod">Veliky Novgorod</a>, Novgorod Oblast</li>

<li><a href="Vladimir%2C_Russia" title="Vladimir, Russia">Vladimir</a>, Vladimir Oblast</li>

<li><a href="Volgograd" title="Volgograd">Volgograd</a>, Volgograd Oblast</li>

<li><a href="Vologda" title="Vologda">Vologda</a>, Vologda Oblast</li>

<li><a href="Voronezh" title="Voronezh">Voronezh</a>, Voronezh Oblast</li>

<li><a href="Yaroslavl" title="Yaroslavl">Yaroslavl</a>, Yaroslavl Oblast</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Federal_cities_of_Russia" title="Federal cities of Russia">Federal cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a></li>

<li><a href="Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a></li>

<li><a href="Sevastopol" title="Sevastopol">Sevastopol</a> (<a href="Political_status_of_Crimea" title="Political status of Crimea">disputed</a>)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Cantons_of_Switzerland" title="Cantons of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Aarau" title="Aarau">Aarau</a>, Aargau</li>

<li><a href="Altdorf%2C_Uri" title="Altdorf, Uri">Altdorf</a>, Uri</li>

<li><a href="Appenzell_(village)" title="Appenzell (village)">Appenzell</a>, Appenzell Innerrhoden</li>

<li>, Basel-Stadt</li>

<li><a href="Bellinzona" title="Bellinzona">Bellinzona</a>, Ticino</li>

<li><a href="Chur" title="Chur">Chur</a>, Grisons</li>

<li><a href="Del%C3%A9mont" title="Delémont">Delémont</a>, Jura</li>

<li><a href="Frauenfeld" title="Frauenfeld">Frauenfeld</a>, Thurgau</li>

<li><a href="Fribourg" title="Fribourg">Fribourg</a>, Canton of Fribourg</li>

<li><a href="Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a>, Canton of Geneva</li>

<li><a href="Herisau" title="Herisau">Herisau</a>, Appenzell Ausserrhoden</li>

<li><a href="Lausanne" title="Lausanne">Lausanne</a>, Vaud</li>

<li><a href="Liestal" title="Liestal">Liestal</a>, Basel-Landschaft</li>

<li><a href="Lucerne" title="Lucerne">Lucerne</a>, Canton of Lucerne</li>

<li><a href="Neuch%C3%A2tel" title="Neuchâtel">Neuchâtel</a>, Canton of Neuchâtel</li>

<li><a href="Sarnen" title="Sarnen">Sarnen</a>, Obwalden</li>

<li><a href="Schaffhausen" title="Schaffhausen">Schaffhausen</a>, Canton of Schaffhausen</li>

<li><a href="Schwyz" title="Schwyz">Schwyz</a>, Canton of Schwyz</li>

<li><a href="Sion%2C_Switzerland" title="Sion, Switzerland">Sion</a>, Valais</li>

<li><a href="Solothurn" title="Solothurn">Solothurn</a>, Canton of Solothurn</li>

<li><a href="Stans" title="Stans">Stans</a>, Nidwalden</li>

<li><a href="St._Gallen" title="St. Gallen">St. Gallen</a>, Canton of St. Gallen</li>

<li><a href="Glarus" title="Glarus">Glarus</a>, Canton of Glarus</li>

<li><a href="Zug" title="Zug">Zug</a>, Canton of Zug</li>

<li><a href="Zurich" title="Zurich">Zurich</a>, Canton of Zürich</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Autonomous entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Autonomous_regions79" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Regions_of_Italy#Autonomous_regions_with_special_statute" title="Regions of Italy">Autonomous regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cagliari" title="Cagliari">Cagliari</a>, Sardinia</li>

<li><a href="Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a>, Sicily</li>

<li><a href="Trento" title="Trento">Trento</a>, Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol</li>

<li><a href="Aosta" title="Aosta">Aosta</a>, Aosta Valley</li>

<li><a href="Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a>, Friuli Venezia Giulia</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Autonomous_regions53" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Autonomous_regions_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous regions of Portugal">Autonomous regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ponta_Delgada" title="Ponta Delgada">Ponta Delgada</a>, <a href="Angra_do_Hero%C3%ADsmo" title="Angra do Heroísmo">Angra do Heroísmo</a>, & <a href="Horta%2C_Azores" title="Horta, Azores">Horta</a>, Azores</li>

<li><a href="Funchal" title="Funchal">Funchal</a>, Madeira</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a>, Catalonia</li>

<li><a href="Las_Palmas" title="Las Palmas">Las Palmas</a> & <a href="Santa_Cruz_de_Tenerife" title="Santa Cruz de Tenerife">Santa Cruz de Tenerife</a>, Canary Islands</li>

<li><a href="Logro%C3%B1o" title="Logroño">Logroño</a>, La Rioja</li>

<li><a href="Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>, Community of Madrid</li>

<li><a href="M%C3%A9rida%2C_Spain" title="Mérida, Spain">Mérida</a>, Extremadura</li>

<li><a href="Murcia" title="Murcia">Murcia</a>, Region of Murcia</li>

<li><a href="Oviedo" title="Oviedo">Oviedo</a>, Asturias</li>

<li><a href="Palma_de_Mallorca" title="Palma de Mallorca">Palma de Mallorca</a>, Balearic Islands</li>

<li><a href="Pamplona" title="Pamplona">Pamplona</a>, Navarre</li>

<li><a href="Santander%2C_Spain" title="Santander, Spain">Santander</a>, Cantabria</li>

<li><a href="Santiago_de_Compostela" title="Santiago de Compostela">Santiago de Compostela</a>, Galicia</li>

<li><a href="Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a>, Andalusia</li>

<li><a href="Toledo%2C_Spain" title="Toledo, Spain">Toledo</a>, Castilla–La Mancha (de facto)</li>

<li><a href="Valencia" title="Valencia">Valencia</a>, Valencian Community</li>

<li><a href="Valladolid" title="Valladolid">Valladolid</a>, Castile and León (de facto)</li>

<li><a href="Vitoria-Gasteiz" title="Vitoria-Gasteiz">Vitoria-Gasteiz</a>, Basque Country (de facto)</li>

<li><a href="Zaragoza" title="Zaragoza">Zaragoza</a>, Aragon</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ajaccio" title="Ajaccio">Ajaccio</a>, Corsica Collectivité (France)</li>

<li><a href="Batumi" title="Batumi">Batumi</a>, Adjara (Georgia)</li>

<li><a href="Comrat" title="Comrat">Comrat</a>, Gagauzia (Moldova)</li>

<li><a href="Karyes%2C_Mount_Athos" title="Karyes, Mount Athos">Karyes</a>, Mount Athos (Greece)</li>

<li><a href="Mariehamn" title="Mariehamn">Mariehamn</a>, Åland Islands (Finland)</li>

<li><a href="Nakhchivan_(city)" title="Nakhchivan (city)">Nakhchivan</a>, Nakhchivan (Azerbaijan)</li>

<li><a href="Novi_Sad" title="Novi Sad">Novi Sad</a>, Vojvodina (Serbia)</li>

<li><a href="Simferopol" title="Simferopol">Simferopol</a>, Crimea (Ukraine)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li>1 Also the capital of the <a href="Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="Kingdom of the Netherlands">Kingdom of the Netherlands</a></li>

<li>2 Continental placement may vary <a href="Boundaries_between_the_continents_of_Earth" class="mw-redirect" title="Boundaries between the continents of Earth">depending on geographic convention</a> being followed</li>

<li>3 Also the seat of the European Union, see <a href="Institutional_seats_of_the_European_Union" title="Institutional seats of the European Union">Institutional seats of the European Union</a> and <a href="Brussels_and_the_European_Union" title="Brussels and the European Union">Brussels and the European Union</a></li>

<li>4 A city-state</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Free_imperial_cities_of_the_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Holy_Roman_Empire&#124;link=Holy_Roman_Empire_Holy_Roman_Empire459" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Free_imperial_cities_of_the_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Holy_Roman_Empire&#124;link=Holy_Roman_Empire_Holy_Roman_Empire459" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Free_imperial_city" title="Free imperial city">Free imperial cities</a> of the <a href="Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire"></a> <a href="Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="By_1792459" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">By 1792</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Free_Imperial_City_of_Aachen" title="Free Imperial City of Aachen">Aachen</a></li>

<li><a href="Aalen" title="Aalen">Aalen</a></li>

<li><a href="Augsburg" title="Augsburg">Augsburg</a></li>

<li><a href="Biberach_an_der_Ri%C3%9F" title="Biberach an der Riß">Biberach</a></li>

<li><a href="Bopfingen" title="Bopfingen">Bopfingen</a></li>

<li><a href="Bremen_(state)" title="Bremen (state)">Bremen</a>H</li>

<li><a href="Bad_Buchau" title="Bad Buchau">Buchau</a></li>

<li><a href="Friedrichshafen" title="Friedrichshafen">Buchhorn</a></li>

<li><a href="Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a>H</li>

<li><a href="Dinkelsb%C3%BChl" title="Dinkelsbühl">Dinkelsbühl</a></li>

<li><a href="Dortmund" title="Dortmund">Dortmund</a>H</li>

<li><a href="Esslingen_am_Neckar" title="Esslingen am Neckar">Eßlingen</a></li>

<li><a href="Free_City_of_Frankfurt" title="Free City of Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a></li>

<li><a href="Friedberg%2C_Hesse" title="Friedberg, Hesse">Friedberg</a></li>

<li><a href="Gengenbach" title="Gengenbach">Gengenbach</a></li>

<li><a href="Giengen" title="Giengen">Giengen</a></li>

<li><a href="Goslar" title="Goslar">Goslar</a>H</li>

<li><a href="Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>H</li>

<li><a href="Heilbronn" title="Heilbronn">Heilbronn</a></li>

<li><a href="Kaufbeuren" title="Kaufbeuren">Kaufbeuren</a></li>

<li><a href="Free_Imperial_City_of_Kempten" title="Free Imperial City of Kempten">Kempten</a></li>

<li><a href="Kessenich" title="Kessenich">Kessenich</a></li>

<li><a href="Leutkirch_im_Allg%C3%A4u" title="Leutkirch im Allgäu">Leutkirch</a></li>

<li><a href="Lindau" title="Lindau">Lindau</a></li>

<li><a href="Free_City_of_L%C3%BCbeck" class="mw-redirect" title="Free City of Lübeck">Lübeck</a>H</li>

<li><a href="Memmingen" title="Memmingen">Memmingen</a></li>

<li><a href="M%C3%BChlhausen" title="Mühlhausen">Mühlhausen</a></li>

<li><a href="Mulhouse" title="Mulhouse">Mülhausen</a>D, S</li>

<li><a href="Nordhausen%2C_Thuringia" title="Nordhausen, Thuringia">Nordhausen</a></li>

<li><a href="N%C3%B6rdlingen" title="Nördlingen">Nördlingen</a></li>

<li><a href="Free_Imperial_City_of_Nuremberg" title="Free Imperial City of Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a></li>

<li><a href="Offenburg" title="Offenburg">Offenburg</a></li>

<li><a href="Pfullendorf" title="Pfullendorf">Pfullendorf</a></li>

<li><a href="Ravensburg" title="Ravensburg">Ravensburg</a></li>

<li><a href="Regensburg" title="Regensburg">Regensburg</a></li>

<li><a href="Reutlingen" title="Reutlingen">Reutlingen</a></li>

<li><a href="Rothenburg_ob_der_Tauber" title="Rothenburg ob der Tauber">Rothenburg</a></li>

<li><a href="Rottweil" title="Rottweil">Rottweil</a>S</li>

<li><a href="Schw%C3%A4bisch_Gm%C3%BCnd" title="Schwäbisch Gmünd">Schwäbisch Gmünd</a></li>

<li><a href="Schw%C3%A4bisch_Hall" title="Schwäbisch Hall">Schwäbisch Hall</a></li>

<li><a href="Schweinfurt" title="Schweinfurt">Schweinfurt</a></li>

<li><a href="Speyer" title="Speyer">Speyer</a></li>

<li><a href="%C3%9Cberlingen" title="Überlingen">Überlingen</a></li>

<li><a href="Wangen_im_Allg%C3%A4u" title="Wangen im Allgäu">Wangen</a></li>

<li><a href="Wei%C3%9Fenburg_in_Bayern" title="Weißenburg in Bayern">Weißenburg in Bayern</a></li>

<li><a href="Wetzlar" title="Wetzlar">Wetzlar</a></li>

<li><a href="Bad_Wimpfen" title="Bad Wimpfen">Wimpfen</a></li>

<li><a href="Bad_Windsheim" title="Bad Windsheim">Windsheim</a></li>

<li><a href="Worms%2C_Germany" title="Worms, Germany">Worms</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div> Free Imperial Cities by 1792</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Lost_imperial_immediacy_or_no_longer_part_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire_by_1792459" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Lost <a href="Imperial_immediacy" title="Imperial immediacy">imperial immediacy</a> or no longer part of the Holy Roman Empire by 1792</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Free_Imperial_City_of_Besan%C3%A7on" title="Free Imperial City of Besançon">Besançon</a></li>

<li><a href="Brakel%2C_Germany" title="Brakel, Germany">Brakel</a></li>

<li><a href="Cambrai" title="Cambrai">Cambrai</a></li>

<li><a href="Diessenhofen" title="Diessenhofen">Diessenhofen</a></li>

<li><a href="Donauw%C3%B6rth" title="Donauwörth">Donauwörth</a></li>

<li><a href="Duisburg" title="Duisburg">Duisburg</a></li>

<li><a href="D%C3%BCren" title="Düren">Düren</a></li>

<li><a href="Gelnhausen" title="Gelnhausen">Gelnhausen</a></li>

<li><a href="Haguenau" title="Haguenau">Hagenau</a>D</li>

<li><a href="Herford" title="Herford">Herford</a></li>

<li><a href="Kaysersberg" title="Kaysersberg">Kaysersberg</a>D</li>

<li><a href="Colmar" title="Colmar">Kolmar</a>D</li>

<li><a href="Konstanz" title="Konstanz">Konstanz</a></li>

<li><a href="Landau" title="Landau">Landau</a>D</li>

<li><a href="Lemgo" title="Lemgo">Lemgo</a></li>

<li><a href="Lucerne" title="Lucerne">Lucerne</a>S</li>

<li><a href="Mainz" title="Mainz">Mainz</a></li>

<li><a href="Munster%2C_Haut-Rhin" title="Munster, Haut-Rhin">Munster</a>D</li>

<li><a href="Obernai" title="Obernai">Obernai</a>D</li>

<li><a href="Pfeddersheim" title="Pfeddersheim">Pfeddersheim</a></li>

<li><a href="Rheinfelden_(Aargau)" title="Rheinfelden (Aargau)">Rheinfelden</a></li>

<li><a href="Rosheim" title="Rosheim">Rosheim</a>D</li>

<li><a href="St._Gallen" title="St. Gallen">St. Gallen</a>S</li>

<li><a href="Sarrebourg" title="Sarrebourg">Sarrebourg</a></li>

<li><a href="Schaffhausen" title="Schaffhausen">Schaffhausen</a>S</li>

<li><a href="Schmalkalden" title="Schmalkalden">Schmalkalden</a></li>

<li><a href="S%C3%A9lestat" title="Sélestat">Schlettstadt</a>D</li>

<li><a href="Seltz" title="Seltz">Seltz</a>D</li>

<li><a href="Soest%2C_Germany" title="Soest, Germany">Soest</a>H</li>

<li><a href="Solothurn" title="Solothurn">Solothurn</a>S</li>

<li><a href="Strasbourg" title="Strasbourg">Straßburg</a></li>

<li><a href="Turckheim" title="Turckheim">Turckheim</a>D</li>

<li><a href="Verden_an_der_Aller" class="mw-redirect" title="Verden an der Aller">Verden</a></li>

<li><a href="Verdun" title="Verdun">Verdun</a></li>

<li><a href="Warburg" title="Warburg">Warburg</a></li>

<li><a href="Wissembourg" title="Wissembourg">Weißenburg in Elsaß</a>D</li>

<li><a href="History_of_Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Zürich">Zürich</a>S</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>

<ul><li>D Member of the <a href="D%C3%A9capole" title="Décapole">Décapole</a></li>

<li>H Member of the <a href="Hanseatic_League" title="Hanseatic League">Hanseatic League</a></li>

<li>S Member or associate of the <a href="Growth_of_the_Old_Swiss_Confederacy" title="Growth of the Old Swiss Confederacy">Swiss Confederacy</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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